Cahn–Hilliard equation

In the mathematical theory of knots, a satellite knot is a knot that contains an incompressible, non-boundary parallel torus in its complement. Every knot is either hyperbolic, a torus, or a satellite knot. The class of satellite knots include composite knots, cable knots and Whitehead doubles. (See Basic families, below for definitions of the last two classes.)

Example 1: A connect-sum of a trefoil and figure-8 knot.

A satellite knot

$K$

can be picturesquely described as follows: start by taking a nontrivial knot

$K^{\prime }$

lying inside an unknotted solid torus

$V$

. Here "nontrivial" means that the knot

$K^{\prime }$

is not allowed to sit inside of a 3-ball in

$V$

and

$K^{\prime }$

is not allowed to be isotopic to the central core curve of the solid torus. Then tie up the solid torus into a nontrivial knot.

Example 2: The Whitehead double of the figure-8.

This means there is a non-trivial embedding

$f:V\to S^3$

and

$K=f(K^{\prime })$

. The central core curve of the solid torus

$V$

is sent to a knot

$H$

, which is called the "companion knot" and is thought of as the planet around which the "satellite knot"

$K$

orbits.The construction ensures that

$f(\partial V)$

is a non-boundary parallel incompressible torus in the complement of

$K$

. Composite knots contain a certain kind of incompressible torus called a swallow-follow torus, which can be visualized as swallowing one summand and following another summand.

Example 3: A cable of a connect-sum.

Since $V$ is an unknotted solid torus, $S^3\setminus V$ is a tubular neighbourhood of an unknot $J$. The 2-component link $K^{\prime }\cup J$ together with the embedding $f$ is called the pattern associated to the satellite operation.

A convention: people usually demand that the embedding $f:V\to S^3$ is untwisted in the sense that $f$ must send the standard longitude of $V$ to the standard longitude of $f(V)$. Said another way, given two disjoint curves $c_1,c_2\subset V$, $f$ must preserve their linking numbers i.e.: $lk(f(c_1),f(c_2))=lk(c_1,c_2)$.

Basic families

When $K^{\prime }\subset \partial V$ is a torus knot, then $K$ is called a cable knot. Examples 3 and 4 are cable knots.

If $K^{\prime }$ is a non-trivial knot in $S^3$ and if a compressing disc for $V$ intersects $K^{\prime }$ in precisely one point, then $K$ is called a connect-sum. Another way to say this is that the pattern $K^{\prime }\cup J$ is the connect-sum of a non-trivial knot $K^{\prime }$ with a Hopf link.

If the link $K^{\prime }\cup J$ is the Whitehead link, $K$ is called a Whitehead double. If $f$ is untwisted, $K$ is called an untwisted Whitehead double.

Examples

Example 1: The connect-sum of a figure-8 knot and trefoil.

Example 2: Untwisted Whitehead double of a figure-8.

Example 3: Cable of a connect-sum.

Example 4: Cable of trefoil.

Examples 5 and 6 are variants on the same construction. They both have two non-parallel, non-boundary-parallel incompressible tori in their complements, splitting the complement into the union of three manifolds. In Example 5 those manifolds are: the Borromean rings complement, trefoil complement and figure-8 complement. In Example 6 the figure-8 complement is replaced by another trefoil complement.

Example 4: A cable of a trefoil.

Example 5: A knot which is a 2-fold satellite i.e.: it has non-parallel swallow-follow tori.

Example 6: A knot which is a 2-fold satellite i.e.: it has non-parallel swallow-follow tori.

Origins

In 1949 Horst Schubert proved that every oriented knot in $S^3$ decomposes as a connect-sum of prime knots in a unique way, up to reordering, making the monoid of oriented isotopy-classes of knots in $S^3$ a free commutative monoid on countably-infinite many generators. Shortly after, he realized he could give a new proof of his theorem by a close analysis of the incompressible tori present in the complement of a connect-sum. This led him to study general incompressible tori in knot complements in his epic work Knoten und Vollringe, where he defined satellite and companion knots.

Follow-up work

Schubert's demonstration that incompressible tori play a major role in knot theory was one several early insights leading to the unification of 3-manifold theory and knot theory. It attracted Waldhausen's attention, who later used incompressible surfaces to show that a large class of 3-manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic. Waldhausen conjectured what is now the Jaco–Shalen–Johannson-decomposition of 3-manifolds, which is a decomposition of 3-manifolds along spheres and incompressible tori. This later became a major ingredient in the development of geometrization, which can be seen as a partial-classification of 3-dimensional manifolds. The ramifications for knot theory were first described in the long-unpublished manuscript of Bonahon and Siebenmann.

Uniqueness of satellite decomposition

In Knoten und Vollringe, Schubert proved that in some cases, there is essentially a unique way to express a knot as a satellite. But there are also many known examples where the decomposition is not unique. With a suitably enhanced notion of satellite operation called splicing, the JSJ decomposition gives a proper uniqueness theorem for satellite knots.

See also

• Hyperbolic knot
• Torus knot