# Kasch ring

In ring theory, a subfield of abstract algebra, a right Kasch ring is a ring R for which every simple right R module is isomorphic to a right ideal of R.[1] Analogously the notion of a left Kasch ring is defined, and the two notions are independent of each other.

Kasch rings are named in honor of mathematician Friedrich Kasch. Kasch originally called Artinian rings whose proper ideals have nonzero annihilators S-rings. Template:HarvTemplate:Harv The characterizations below show that Kasch rings generalize S-rings.

## Definition

Equivalent definitions will be introduced only for the right-hand version, with the understanding that the left-hand analogues are also true. The Kasch conditions have a few equivalences using the concept of annihilators, and this article uses the same notation appearing in the annihilator article.

In addition to the definition given in the introduction, the following properties are equivalent definitions for a ring R to be right Kasch. They appear in Template:Harv:

1. For every simple right R module S, there is a nonzero module homomorphism from M into R.
2. The maximal right ideals of R are right annihilators of ring elements, that is, each one is of the form ${\displaystyle \mathrm {r.ann} (x)\,}$ where x is in R.
3. For any maximal right ideal T of R, ${\displaystyle \mathrm {\ell .ann} (T)\neq \{0\}}$.
4. For any proper right ideal T of R, ${\displaystyle \mathrm {\ell .ann} (T)\neq \{0\}}$.
5. For any maximal right ideal T of R, ${\displaystyle \mathrm {r.ann} (\mathrm {\ell .ann} (T))=T}$.
6. R has no dense right ideals except R itself.

## Examples

The content below can be found in references such as Template:Harv, Template:Harv, Template:Harv.

• For a division ring k, consider a certain subring R of the four-by-four matrix ring with entries from k. The subring R consists of matrices of the following form:
${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&0&b&c\\0&a&0&d\\0&0&a&0\\0&0&0&e\end{bmatrix}}}$
This is a right and left Artinian ring which is right Kasch, but not left Kasch.

## References

1. This ideal is necessarily a minimal right ideal.
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