Luminous efficacy

Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of luminous flux to power. Depending on context, the power can be either the radiant flux of the source's output, or it can be the total power (electric power, chemical energy, or others) consumed by the source.[1][2][3] Which sense of the term is intended must usually be inferred from the context, and is sometimes unclear. The former sense is sometimes called luminous efficacy of radiation, and the latter luminous efficacy of a source.

The luminous efficacy of a source is a measure of the efficiency with which the source provides visible light from electricity.[4] The luminous efficacy of radiation describes how well a given quantity of electromagnetic radiation from a source produces visible light: the ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux.[5] Not all wavelengths of light are equally visible, or equally effective at stimulating human vision, due to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye; radiation in the infrared and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum is useless for illumination. The overall luminous efficacy of a source is the product of how well it converts energy to electromagnetic radiation, and how well the emitted radiation is detected by the human eye.

Efficacy and efficiency

In some systems of units, luminous flux has the same units as radiant flux. The luminous efficacy of radiation is then dimensionless. In this case, it is often instead called the luminous efficiency, and may be expressed as a percentage. A common choice is to choose units such that the maximum possible efficacy, 683 lm/W, corresponds to an efficiency of 100%. The distinction between efficacy and efficiency is not always carefully maintained in published sources, so it is not uncommon to see "efficiencies" expressed in lumens per watt, or "efficacies" expressed as a percentage.

The luminous coefficient is luminous efficiency expressed as a value between zero and one, with one corresponding to an efficacy of 683 lm/W.

Explanation

The response of a typical human eye to light, as standardized by the CIE in 1924. The horizontal axis is wavelength in nm

Wavelengths of light outside of the visible spectrum are not useful for illumination because they cannot be seen by the human eye. Furthermore, the eye responds more to some wavelengths of light than others, even within the visible spectrum. This response of the eye is represented by the luminosity function. This is a standardized function which represents the response of a "typical" eye under bright conditions (photopic vision). One can also define a similar curve for dim conditions (scotopic vision). When neither is specified, photopic conditions are generally assumed.

Luminous efficacy of radiation measures the fraction of electromagnetic power which is useful for lighting. It is obtained by dividing the luminous flux by the radiant flux. Light with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum reduces luminous efficacy, because it contributes to the radiant flux while the luminous flux of such light is zero. Wavelengths near the peak of the eye's response contribute more strongly than those near the edges.

In SI, luminous efficacy has units of lumens per watt (lm/W). Photopic luminous efficacy of radiation has a maximum possible value of 683 lm/W, for the case of monochromatic light at a wavelength of 555 nm (green). Scotopic luminous efficacy of radiation reaches a maximum of 1700 lm/W for narrowband light of wavelength 507 nm.

Mathematical definition

The dimensionless luminous efficiency measures the integrated fraction of the radiant power that contributes to its luminous properties as evaluated by means of the standard luminosity function.[6] The luminous coefficient is

${\displaystyle {\frac {\int _{0}^{\infty }y_{\lambda }J_{\lambda }d\lambda }{\int _{0}^{\infty }J_{\lambda }d\lambda }},}$

where

yλ is the standard luminosity function,
Jλ is the spectral power distribution of the radiant intensity.

The luminous coefficient is unity for a narrow band of wavelengths at 555 nanometres.

Examples

Photopic vision

Type

(lm/W)
Luminous efficiency[note 1]

Typical tungsten light bulb at 2800 K 15[7] 2%
Class M star (Antares, Betelgeuse), 3000 K 30 4%
Ideal black-body radiator at 4000 K 54.7[8] 8%
Class G star (Sun, Capella), 5800 K 93[7] 13.6%
Ideal black-body radiator at 7000 K 95[8] 14%
Ideal 5800 K black-body, truncated to 400–700 nm (ideal "white" source) [note 2] 251[7][note 3] 37%-
5800 K black-body truncated to ≥2% photopic sensitivity range[note 4] 292[9][10] 43%
2800 K black-body truncated to ≥2% photopic sensitivity range[note 4] 299[9][10] 44%
2800 K black-body truncated to ≥5% photopic sensitivity range[note 5] 343[9][10] 50%
5800 K black-body truncated to ≥5% photopic sensitivity range[note 5] 348[9][10] 51%
Ideal monochromatic 555 nm source 683[11] 100%

Scotopic vision

Type

(lm/W)
Luminous efficiency[note 1]

Ideal monochromatic 507 nm source 1699 lm/W[12] or 1700 lm/W[13] 100%

Spectral radiance of a black body. Energy outside the visible wavelength range (~380–750 nm, shown by grey dotted lines) reduces the luminous efficiency.

Lighting efficiency

Artificial light sources are usually evaluated in terms of luminous efficacy of a source, also sometimes called overall luminous efficacy. This is the ratio between the total luminous flux emitted by a device and the total amount of input power (electrical, etc.) it consumes. It is also sometimes referred to as the wall-plug luminous efficacy or simply wall-plug efficacy. The overall luminous efficacy is a measure of the efficiency of the device with the output adjusted to account for the spectral response curve (the “luminosity function”). When expressed in dimensionless form (for example, as a fraction of the maximum possible luminous efficacy), this value may be called overall luminous efficiency, wall-plug luminous efficiency, or simply the lighting efficiency.

The main difference between the luminous efficacy of radiation and the luminous efficacy of a source is that the latter accounts for input energy that is lost as heat or otherwise exits the source as something other than electromagnetic radiation. Luminous efficacy of radiation is a property of the radiation emitted by a source. Luminous efficacy of a source is a property of the source as a whole.

Examples

The following table lists luminous efficacy of a source and efficiency for various light sources. Note that all lamps requiring electrical/electronic ballast are unless noted (see also voltage) listed without losses for that, reducing total efficiency.

Category

Type

Overall
luminous efficacy (lm/W)
Overall
luminous efficiency[note 1]
Combustion candle 0.3[note 6] 0.04%
gas mantle 1–2[14] 0.15–0.3%
Incandescent 100–200 W tungsten incandescent (230 V) 13.8[15]–15.2[16] 2–2.2%
100–200–500 W tungsten glass halogen (230 V) 16.7[17]–17.6[16]–19.8[16] 2.4–2.6–2.9%
5–40–100 W tungsten incandescent (120 V) 5–12.6[18]–17.5[18] 0.7–1.8–2.6%
2.6 W tungsten glass halogen (5.2 V) 19.2[19] 2.8%
tungsten quartz halogen (12–24 V) 24 3.5%
photographic and projection lamps 35[20] 5.1%
Light-emitting diode white LED (raw, without power supply) 4.5–150 [21][22][23][24] Template:RndTemplate:Rnd%
4.1 W LED screw base lamp (120 V) Template:RndTemplate:Rnd[25] Template:RndTemplate:Rnd%
5.4 W LED screw base lamp (100 V 50/60 Hz) Template:Rnd[26] Template:Rnd%
6.9 W LED screw base lamp (120 V) Template:RndTemplate:Rnd[25] Template:RndTemplate:Rnd%
7 W LED PAR20 (120 V) Template:Rnd[27] Template:Rnd%
7 W LED PAR30 (110-230 V) Template:Rnd[28] Template:Rnd%
8.7 W LED screw base lamp (120 V) Template:RndTemplate:Rnd[25][29] Template:RndTemplate:Rnd%
Theoretical limit for a white LED with phosphorescence color mixing Template:RndTemplate:Rnd[30] Template:RndTemplate:Rnd%
Arc lamp xenon arc lamp 30–50[31][32] 4.4–7.3%
mercury-xenon arc lamp 50–55[31] 7.3–8%
UHP – ultra-high-pressure mercury-vapor arc lamp: initial, free mounted 58–78[33] 8.5-11.4%
UHP – ultra-high-pressure mercury-vapor arc lamp: rated, with reflector for projectors 30–50[34] 4.4–7.3%
Fluorescent very low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp with fluorescence as T12 tube with magnetic ballast 60[35] 9%
9–32 W compact fluorescent (with ballast) 46–75[16][36][37] 8–11.45%[38]
T8 tube with electronic ballast 80–100[35] 12–15%
PL-S 11 W U-tube, excluding ballast loss 82[39] 12%
T5 tube 70–104.2[40][41] 10–15.63%
Gas discharge 1400 W sulfur lamp 100[42] 15%
metal halide lamp 65–115[43] 9.5–17%
high pressure sodium lamp 85–150[16] 12–22%
low pressure sodium lamp 100–200[16][44][45] 15–29%
Plasma display panel 2-10[46] 0.3–1.5%
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5%
Ideal sources Truncated 5800 K blackbody[note 3] 251[7] 37%
Green light at 555 nm (maximum possible luminous efficacy) 683.002[11] 100%

Sources that depend on thermal emission from a solid filament, such as incandescent light bulbs, tend to have low overall efficacy because, as explained by Donald L. Klipstein, “An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6300 °C (6600 K or 11,500 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous [efficacy] is 95 lumens per watt. No substance is solid and usable as a light bulb filament at temperatures anywhere close to this. The surface of the sun is not quite that hot.”[20] At temperatures where the tungsten filament of an ordinary light bulb remains solid (below 3683 kelvins), most of its emission is in the infrared.[20]

SI photometry units

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Template:Resize
Quantity Unit Dimension Notes
Name Symbol[nb 1] Name Symbol Symbol
Luminous energy Qv [nb 2] lumen second lm⋅s TJ [nb 3] units are sometimes called talbots
Luminous flux Φv [nb 2] lumen (= cd⋅sr) lm J [nb 3] also called luminous power
Luminous intensity Iv candela (= lm/sr) cd J [nb 3] an SI base unit, luminous flux per unit solid angle
Luminance Lv candela per square metre cd/m2 L−2J units are sometimes called nits
Illuminance Ev lux (= lm/m2) lx L−2J used for light incident on a surface
Luminous emittance Mv lux (= lm/m2) lx L−2J used for light emitted from a surface
Luminous exposure Hv lux second lx⋅s L−2TJ
Luminous energy density ωv lumen second per metre3 lm⋅sm−3 L−3TJ
Luminous efficacy η [nb 2] lumen per watt lm/W M−1L−2T3J ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux
Luminous efficiency V 1 also called luminous coefficient
1. Standards organizations recommend that photometric quantities be denoted with a suffix "v" (for "visual") to avoid confusion with radiometric or photon quantities. For example: USA Standard Letter Symbols for Illuminating Engineering USAS Z7.1-1967, Y10.18-1967
2. Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W for luminous energy, P or F for luminous flux, and ρ or K for luminous efficacy.
3. "J" here is the symbol for the dimension of luminous intensity, not the symbol for the unit joules.

Notes

1. Defined such that the maximum value possible is 100%.
2. most efficient source you can do that mimics solar spectrum only within range of visual sensitivity
3. Integral of truncated Planck function times photopic luminosity function times 683 W/sr, according to the definition of the candela. [1]
4. Truncates the very poor sensitivity (≤2% of the peak) and as such insignificant parts of the visible spectrum
5. Truncates the very poor sensitivity (≤5% of the peak) and as such insignificant parts of the visible spectrum

References

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7. Template:Cite web
8. Black body visible spectrum
9. Maximum Efficiency of White Light
10. Maximum spectral luminous efficacy of white light
11. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}
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16. Philips Product Catalog (German)
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29. White LEDs with super-high luminous efficacy physorg.com
30. Template:Cite web Note that the figure of 150 lm/W given for xenon lamps appears to be a typo. The page contains other useful information.
31. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}
32. REVIEW ARTICLE: UHP lamp systems for projection applications Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
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