Powerful p-group

In mathematics, in the field of group theory, especially in the study of p-groups and pro-p-groups, the concept of powerful p-groups plays an important role. They were introduced in Template:Harv, where a number of applications are given, including results on Schur multipliers. Powerful p-groups are used in the study of automorphisms of p-groups Template:Harv, the solution of the restricted Burnside problem Template:Harv, the classification of finite p-groups via the coclass conjectures Template:Harv, and provided an excellent method of understanding analytic pro-p-groups Template:Harv.

Formal definition

A finite p-group $G$ is called powerful if the commutator subgroup $[G,G]$ is contained in the subgroup $G^{p}=\langle g^{p}|g\in G\rangle$ for odd $p$, or if $[G,G]$ is contained in the subgroup $G^{4}$ for p=2.

Properties of powerful p-groups

Powerful p-groups have many properties similar to abelian groups, and thus provide a good basis for studying p-groups. Every finite p-group can be expressed as a section of a powerful p-group.

Powerful p-groups are also useful in the study of pro-p groups as it provides a simple means for characterising p-adic analytic groups (groups that are manifolds over the p-adic numbers): A finitely generated pro-p group is p-adic analytic if and only if it contains an open normal subgroup that is powerful: this is a special case of a deep result of Michel Lazard (1965).

Some properties similar to abelian p-groups are: if $G$ is a powerful p-group then:

• The Frattini subgroup $\Phi (G)$ of $G$ has the property $\Phi (G)=G^{p}.$
• $G^{p^{k}}=\{g^{p^{k}}|g\in G\}$ for all $k\geq 1.$ That is, the group generated by $p$th powers is precisely the set of $p$th powers.
• If $G=\langle g_{1},\ldots ,g_{d}\rangle$ then $G^{p^{k}}=\langle g_{1}^{p^{k}},\ldots ,g_{d}^{p^{k}}\rangle$ for all $k\geq 1.$
• The $k$th entry of the lower central series of $G$ has the property $\gamma _{k}(G)\leq G^{p^{k-1}}$ for all $k\geq 1.$
• Every quotient group of a powerful p-group is powerful.
• The Prüfer rank of $G$ is equal to the minimal number of generators of $G.$

Some less abelian-like properties are: if $G$ is a powerful p-group then:

• $G^{p^{k}}$ is powerful.
• Subgroups of $G$ are not necessarily powerful.

References

• Lazard, Michel (1965), Groupes analytiques p-adiques, Publ.Math.IHES 26 (1965), 389-603.
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