Stoletov curve

In mathematics, specifically in local class field theory, the Hasse–Arf theorem is a result concerning jumps of the upper numbering filtration of the Galois group of a finite Galois extension. A special case of it was originally proved by Helmut Hasse, and the general result was proved by Cahit Arf.

Statement

Higher ramification groups

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. The theorem deals with the upper numbered higher ramification groups of a finite abelian extension L/K. So assume L/K is a finite Galois extension, and that v_K is a discrete normalised valuation of K, whose residue field has characteristic p > 0, and which admits a unique extension to L, say w. Denote by v_L the associated normalised valuation ew of L and let $\mathcal{𝒪}$ be the valuation ring of L under v_L. Let L/K have Galois group G and define the s-th ramification group of L/K for any real s ≥ −1 by

$G_s(L/K)=\{\sigma \in G:v_L(\sigma a-a)\ge s+1\text{ for all }a\in \mathcal{𝒪}\}.$

So, for example, G₋₁ is the Galois group G. To pass to the upper numbering one has to define the function ψ_L/K which in turn is the inverse of the function η_L/K defined by

${\eta }_{L/K}(s)=\underset{0}{\overset{s}{\int }}\frac{dx}{\left|G_0:G_x\right|}.$

The upper numbering of the ramification groups is then defined by G^t(L/K) = G_s(L/K) where s = ψ_L/K(t).

These higher ramification groups G^t(L/K) are defined for any real t ≥ −1, but since v_L is a discrete valuation, the groups will change in discrete jumps and not continuously. Thus we say that t is a jump of the filtration {G^t(L/K) : t ≥ −1} if G^t(L/K) ≠ G^u(L/K) for any u > t. The Hasse–Arf theorem tells us the arithmetic nature of these jumps

Statement of the theorem

With the above set up, the theorem states that the jumps of the filtration {G^t(L/K) : t ≥ −1} are all rational integers.

Example

Suppose G is cyclic of order $p^n$, $p$ residue characteristic and $G(i)$ be the subgroup of $G$ of order $p^{n-i}$. The theorem says that there exist positive integers $i_0,i_1,...,i_{n-1}$ such that

$G_0=\cdots =G_{i_0}=G=G^0=\cdots =G^{i_0}$

$G_{i_0+1}=\cdots =G_{i_0+p{i}_1}=G(1)=G^{i_0+1}=\cdots =G^{i_0+i_1}$

$G_{i_0+p{i}_1+1}=\cdots =G_{i_0+p{i}_1+p^2{i}_2}=G(2)=G^{i_0+i_1+1}$

...

$G_{i_0+p{i}_1+\cdots +p^{n-1}{i}_{n-1}+1}=1=G^{i_0+\cdots +i_{n-1}+1}.$

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

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