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{{Electromagnetism|cTopic=Magnetostatics}} | |||
The '''magnetic moment''' of a [[magnet]] is a quantity that determines the [[force]] that the magnet can exert on [[electric currents]] and the [[torque]] that a [[magnetic field]] will exert on it. A loop of [[electric current]], a bar magnet, an [[electron]], a [[molecule]], and a [[planet]] all have magnetic moments. | |||
Both the magnetic moment and magnetic field may be considered to be [[vector (mathematics and physics)|vectors]] having a magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic moment points from the south to north pole of a magnet. The magnetic field produced by a magnet is proportional to its magnetic moment as well. More precisely, the term ''magnetic moment'' normally refers to a system's '''magnetic dipole moment''', which produces the first term in the [[multipole expansion]] of a general magnetic field. The [[dipole]] component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of the distance from the object. | |||
== Two definitions of moment == | |||
The preferred definition of a magnetic moment has changed over time. Before the 1930s, textbooks defined the moment using magnetic poles. Since then, most have defined it in terms of Ampèrian currents.<ref name=Brown62>{{harvnb|Brown, Jr.|1962}}</ref> | |||
=== Magnetic pole definition === | |||
[[File:VFPt dipole electric.svg|thumb|upright|An electrostatic analogue for a magnetic moment: two opposing charges separated by a finite distance.]] | |||
The sources of magnetic moments in materials can be represented by poles in analogy to [[electrostatics]]. Consider a bar magnet which has magnetic poles of equal magnitude but opposite [[Polarity (physics)|polarity]]. Each pole is the source of magnetic force which weakens with distance. Since [[magnet#Two models for magnets: magnetic poles and atomic currents|magnetic poles]] always come in pairs, their forces partially cancel each other because while one pole pulls, the other repels. This cancellation is greatest when the poles are close to each other i.e. when the bar magnet is short. The magnetic force produced by a bar magnet, at a given point in space, therefore depends on two factors: the strength ''p'' of its poles (the ''[[magnetic pole strength]]''), and the vector '''ℓ''' separating them. The moment is defined as<ref name="Brown62" /> | |||
: <math>\mathbf{m}=p\boldsymbol{\ell}.</math> | |||
It points in the direction from South to North pole. The analogy with electric dipoles should not be taken too far because magnetic dipoles are associated with [[angular momentum]] (see [[Magnetic moment#Magnetic moment and angular momentum|Magnetic moment and angular momentum]]). Nevertheless, magnetic poles are very useful for [[Magnetostatics|magnetostatic]] calculations, particularly in applications to [[ferromagnets]].<ref name=Brown62/> Practitioners using the magnetic pole approach generally represent the [[magnetic field]] by the [[irrotational]] field '''H''', in analogy to the [[electric field]] '''E'''. | |||
=== Current loop definition === | |||
[[File:Magnetic moment.svg|thumb|left|200px|Moment '''μ''' of a planar current having magnitude '''I''' and enclosing an area '''S''']] | |||
Suppose a planar closed loop carries an [[electric current]] ''I'' and has [[vector area]] '''S''' (''x'', ''y'', and ''z'' coordinates of this vector are the areas of projections of the loop onto the ''yz'', ''zx'', and ''xy'' planes). Its magnetic moment '''μ''', [[Euclidean vector|vector]], is defined as: | |||
: <math>\mathbf{\mu}=I \mathbf{S}.</math> | |||
By convention, the direction of the vector area is given by the [[right hand grip rule]] (curling the fingers of one's right hand in the direction of the current around the loop, when the palm of the hand is "touching" the loop's outer edge, and the straight thumb indicates the direction of the vector area and thus of the magnetic moment). | |||
<ref name=Feynman>{{Cite book | |||
| last = Feynman | |||
| first = Richard P. | |||
| author-link = Richard Feynman | |||
| first2 = Robert B. | |||
| last2 = Leighton | |||
| author2-link = Robert B. Leighton | |||
| first3 = Matthew | |||
| last3 = Sands | |||
| author3-link = Matthew Sands | |||
| title = [[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] | |||
| volume = 2 | |||
| year = 2006 | |||
| isbn = 0-8053-9045-6 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
If the loop is not planar, the moment is given as | |||
:<math>\mathbf{\mu}=\frac{I}{2}\int\mathbf{r}\times{\rm d}\mathbf{r}.</math> | |||
where × is the [[vector cross product]]. In the most general case of an arbitrary current distribution in space, the magnetic moment of such a distribution can be found from the following equation: | |||
: <math>\mathbf{\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\int\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{J}\,{\rm d}V,</math> | |||
where '''r''' is the position vector pointing from the origin to the location of the volume element, and '''J''' is the [[current density]] vector at that location. | |||
The above equation can be used for calculating a magnetic moment of any assembly of moving charges, such as a spinning charged solid, by substituting | |||
: <math>\mathbf{J}=\rho \mathbf{v},</math> | |||
where ''ρ'' is the electric charge density at a given point and '''v''' is the instantaneous linear velocity of that point. | |||
For example, the magnetic moment produced by an electric charge moving along a circular path is | |||
: <math> \mathbf{\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\, q\, \mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{v}</math>, | |||
where '''r''' is the position of the charge ''q'' relative to the center of the circle and '''v''' is the instantaneous velocity of the charge. | |||
Practitioners using the current loop model generally represent the magnetic field by the [[solenoidal]] field '''B''', analogous to the electrostatic field '''D'''. | |||
==== Magnetic moment of a solenoid ==== | |||
[[File:Solenoid, air core, insulated, 20 turns, (shaded).svg|thumb|right|Image of a solenoid]] | |||
A generalization of the above current loop is a coil, or [[solenoid]]. Its moment is the vector sum of the moments of individual turns. If the solenoid has ''N'' identical turns (single-layer winding) and vector area '''S''', | |||
: <math>\mathbf{\mu}=N I \mathbf{S}.</math> | |||
== Units == | |||
The unit for magnetic moment is not a base unit in the [[International System of Units]] (SI) and it can be represented in more than one way. For example, in the [[Magnetic moment#Current loop definition|current loop definition]], the area is measured in [[square meter]]s and ''I'' is measured in [[Ampere (unit)|amperes]], so the magnetic moment is measured in ampere–square meters (A m<sup>2</sub>). In the equation for [[Magnetic moment#Torque on a moment|torque on a moment]], the torque is measured in [[joule]]s and the magnetic field in [[Tesla (unit)|teslas]], so the moment is measured in joules per tesla (J⋅T<sup>−1</sup>). These two representations are equivalent: | |||
:1 A·m<sup>2</sup> = 1 J·T<sup>−1</sup>. | |||
In the [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] system, there are several different sets of electromagnetism units, of which the main ones are [[Centimetre gram second system of units#Electrostatic units (ESU)|ESU]], [[Gaussian units|Gaussian]], and [[Centimetre gram second system of units#Electromagnetic units (EMU)|EMU]]. Among these, there are two alternative (non-equivalent) units of magnetic dipole moment in CGS: | |||
: (ESU CGS) 1 stat A·cm<sup>2</sup> = 3.33564095×10<sup>−14</sup> ([[Ampere|A]]·[[Metre|m]]<sup>2</sup> or [[Joule|J]]·[[Tesla (unit)|T]]<sup>−1</sup>) | |||
and (more frequently used) | |||
: (EMU CGS and [[Gaussian units|Gaussian-CGS]]) 1 [[erg]]/[[Gauss (unit)|G]] = 1 [[Abampere|abA]]·cm<sup>2</sup> = 10<sup>−3</sup> ([[Metre|m]]<sup>2</sup>·[[Ampere|A]] or [[Joule|J]]/[[Tesla (unit)|T]]). | |||
The ratio of these two non-equivalent CGS units (EMU/ESU) is equal exactly to the [[speed of light|speed of light in free space]], expressed in [[Centimetre|cm]]·[[Second|s]]<sup>−1</sup>. | |||
All formulas in this article are correct in [[SI]] units, but in other unit systems, the formulas may need to be changed. For example, in SI units, a loop of current with current I and area A has magnetic moment I×A (see below), but in [[Gaussian units]] the magnetic moment is I×A/[[speed of light|c]]. | |||
== Magnetic moment and angular momentum == | |||
The magnetic moment has a close connection with [[angular momentum]] called the '''gyromagnetic effect'''. This effect is expressed on a [[macroscopic scale]] in the [[Einstein-de Haas effect]], or "rotation by magnetization," and its inverse, the [[Barnett effect]], or "magnetization by rotation."<ref name=Graham/> In particular, when a magnetic moment is subject to a [[torque]] in a magnetic field that tends to align it with the applied magnetic field, the moment [[precession|precesses]] (rotates about the axis of the applied field). This is a consequence of the angular momentum associated with the moment. | |||
Viewing a magnetic dipole as a rotating charged sphere brings out the close connection between magnetic moment and angular momentum. Both the magnetic moment and the angular momentum increase with the rate of rotation of the sphere. The ratio of the two is called the [[gyromagnetic ratio]], usually denoted by the symbol γ.<ref name=Krey>{{cite book |title=Basic Theoretical Physics |author= Uwe Krey, Anthony Owen |pages=151–152 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=xZ_QelBmkxYC&pg=PA151 |isbn=3-540-36804-3 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Buxton>{{cite book |author=Richard B. Buxton |title=Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging |page=136 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=6XVu0NKzgekC&pg=PA136 |isbn=0-521-58113-3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002}}</ref> | |||
For a spinning charged solid with a uniform charge density to mass density ratio, the gyromagnetic ratio is equal to half the [[charge-to-mass ratio]]. This implies that a more massive assembly of charges spinning with the same [[angular momentum]] will have a [[proportionality (mathematics)|proportionately]] weaker magnetic moment, compared to its lighter counterpart. Even though atomic particles cannot be accurately described as spinning charge distributions of uniform charge-to-mass ratio, this general trend can be observed in the atomic world, where the intrinsic angular momentum ([[spin (physics)|spin]]) of each type of particle is a constant: a small [[half-integer]] times the reduced [[Planck constant]] ''ħ''. This is the basis for defining the magnetic moment units of [[Bohr magneton]] (assuming [[charge-to-mass ratio]] of the [[electron]]) and [[nuclear magneton]] (assuming [[charge-to-mass ratio]] of the [[proton]]). | |||
== Effects of an external magnetic field on a magnetic moment == | |||
=== Force on a moment === | |||
{{see also|force between magnets}} | |||
A magnetic moment in an externally-produced magnetic field has a potential energy ''U'': | |||
: <math>U=-\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{B} </math> | |||
In a case when the external magnetic field is non-uniform, there will be a | |||
force, proportional to the magnetic field [[gradient]], acting on the magnetic moment itself. There has been some discussion on how to calculate the force acting on a magnetic dipole. There are two expressions for the force acting on a magnetic dipole, depending on whether the [[Magnet#Two models for magnets: magnetic poles and atomic currents|model used for the dipole]] is a current loop or two monopoles (analogous to the electric dipole).<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| author = Boyer, Timothy H. | |||
| title = The Force on a Magnetic Dipole | |||
| year = 1988 | |||
| journal = [[American Journal of Physics]] | |||
| volume = 56 | |||
| issue = 8 | |||
| pages = 688–692 | |||
| doi = 10.1119/1.15501|bibcode = 1988AmJPh..56..688B }} | |||
</ref> The force obtained in the case of a current loop model is | |||
:<math Floop>\mathbf{F}_\text{loop}=\nabla \left(\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{B}\right) </math> | |||
In the case of a pair of monopoles being used (i.e. electric dipole model) | |||
:<math>\mathbf{F}_\text{dipole}=\left(\mathbf{m}\cdot \nabla \right) \mathbf{B}</math> | |||
and one can be put in terms of the other via the relation | |||
:<math Feq>\mathbf{F}_\text{loop}=\mathbf{F}_\text{dipole} + \mathbf{m}\times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf{B} \right)</math> | |||
In all these expressions '''m''' is the dipole and '''B''' is the magnetic field at its position. Note that if there are no currents or time-varying electrical fields {{math|∇ × '''B''' {{=}} 0}} and the two expressions agree. | |||
An electron, nucleus, or atom placed in a uniform magnetic field will precess with a frequency known as the [[Larmor frequency]]. See [[Resonance]]. | |||
=== Torque on a moment === | |||
The magnetic moment can also be defined as a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] relating the aligning [[torque]] on the object from an externally applied [[magnetic field]] to the field vector itself. The relationship is given by | |||
<ref name=Graham> | |||
{{cite book |title=Introduction to Magnetic Materials |author=B. D. Cullity, C. D. Graham |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ixAe4qIGEmwC&pg=PA103 |page=103 |isbn=0-471-47741-9 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Wiley-IEEE Press]]|edition=2}}</ref> | |||
: <math> \boldsymbol{\tau} = \mathbf{m} \times\mathbf{B}</math> | |||
where '''τ''' is the torque acting on the dipole and '''B''' is the external magnetic field. | |||
== Magnetic dipoles == | |||
{{Main|Magnetic dipole}} | |||
{{See also|Dipole}} | |||
A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a current loop or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are reduced to zero while keeping the moment constant. As long as these limits only applies to fields far from the sources, they are equivalent. However, the two models give different predictions for the internal field (see below). | |||
=== External magnetic field produced by a magnetic dipole moment === | |||
[[File:Magnetic ring dipole field lines.svg|thumbnail|right|Magnetic field lines around a "magnetostatic dipole" the magnetic dipole itself is in the center and is seen from the side.]] | |||
Any system possessing a net magnetic dipole moment '''m''' will produce a [[dipole|dipolar]] magnetic field (described below) in the space surrounding the system. While the net magnetic field produced by the system can also have higher-order [[multipole]] components, those will drop off with distance more rapidly, so that only the dipolar component will dominate the magnetic field of the system at distances far away from it. | |||
The [[Magnetic potential#Magnetic vector potential|vector potential]] of magnetic field produced by magnetic moment '''m''' is | |||
: <math>{\mathbf{A}}({\mathbf{r}})=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi}\frac{{\mathbf{m}}\times{\mathbf{r}}}{r^{3}},</math> | |||
and [[magnetic flux density]] is | |||
: <math>\mathbf{B}({\mathbf{r}})=\nabla\times{\mathbf{A}}=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi}\left(\frac{3\mathbf{r}(\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{r})}{r^{5}}-\frac{{\mathbf{m}}}{r^{3}}\right).</math> | |||
Alternatively one can obtain the [[Magnetic potential#Magnetic scalar potential|scalar potential]] first from the magnetic pole perspective, | |||
:<math>\psi({\mathbf{r}})=\frac{{\mathbf{m}}\cdot{\mathbf{r}}}{4\pi r^{3}},</math> | |||
and hence [[magnetic field strength]] is | |||
:<math>{\mathbf{H}}({\mathbf{r}})=-\nabla\psi=\frac{1}{4\pi}\left(\frac{3\mathbf{r}(\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{r})}{r^{5}}-\frac{{\mathbf{m}}}{r^{3}}\right).</math> | |||
The magnetic field of an ideal magnetic dipole is depicted on the left. | |||
=== Internal magnetic field of a dipole === | |||
[[File:VFPt dipole magnetic3.svg|thumbnail|right|The magnetic field of a current loop]] | |||
The two models for a dipole (current loop and magnetic poles) give the same predictions for the magnetic field far from the source. However, inside the source region they give different predictions. The magnetic field between poles (see figure for [[Magnetic moment#Magnetic pole definition|Magnetic pole definition]]) is in the opposite direction to the magnetic moment (which points from the negative charge to the positive charge), while inside a current loop it is in the same direction (see the figure to the right). Clearly, the limits of these fields must also be different as the sources shrink to zero size. This distinction only matters if the dipole limit is used to calculate fields inside a magnetic material.<ref name=Brown62/> | |||
If a magnetic dipole is formed by making a current loop smaller and smaller, but keeping the product of current and area constant, the limiting field is | |||
:<math>\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{x})=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\left[\frac{3\mathbf{n}(\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{m})-\mathbf{m}}{|\mathbf{x}|^3} + \frac{8\pi}{3}\mathbf{m}\delta(\mathbf{x})\right].</math> | |||
Unlike the expressions in the previous section, this limit is correct for the internal field of the dipole.<ref name=Brown62/><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1975|p=184}}</ref> | |||
If a magnetic dipole is formed by taking a "north pole" and a "south pole", bringing them closer and closer together but keeping the product of magnetic pole-charge and distance constant, the limiting field is<ref name=Brown62/> | |||
:<math>\mathbf{H}(\mathbf{x}) =\frac{1}{4\pi}\left[\frac{3\mathbf{n}(\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{m})-\mathbf{m}}{|\mathbf{x}|^3} - \frac{4\pi}{3}\mathbf{m}\delta(\mathbf{x})\right].</math> | |||
These fields are related by <math> \mathbf{B}= \mu_0\left(\mathbf{H}+\mathbf{M}\right)</math>, where | |||
:<math>\mathbf{M}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathbf{m}\delta(\mathbf{x})</math> | |||
is the [[magnetization]]. | |||
=== Forces between two magnetic dipoles === | |||
{{See also|Magnetic dipole-dipole interaction}} | |||
As discussed earlier, the force exerted by a dipole loop with moment {{math|'''m'''<sub>1</sub>}} on another with moment {{math|'''m'''<sub>2</sub>}} is | |||
:<math>\mathbf{F} =\nabla \left(\mathbf{m}_2\cdot\mathbf{B}_1\right),</math> | |||
where {{math|'''B'''<sub>2</sub>}} is the magnetic field due to moment 2. The result of calculating the gradient is<ref>{{cite book | |||
|last = Furlani | |||
|first = Edward P. | |||
|title = Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis, and Applications | |||
|publisher = [[Academic Press]] | |||
|year = 2001 | |||
|page = 140 | |||
|url = http://books.google.com/?id=irsdLnC5SrsC&dq=permanent+magnet+and+electromechanical+devices&printsec=frontcover&q=3.130 | |||
|isbn = 0-12-269951-3 | |||
}}</ref><ref name=Yung>{{cite journal |year=1998 |title= An Analytic Solution for the Force between Two Magnetic Dipoles|author=K.W. Yung, P.B. Landecker, D.D. Villani|url=http://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/1998/079537.pdf|format=PDF |accessdate=November 24, 2012 }}</ref> | |||
:<math>\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}, \mathbf{m}_1, \mathbf{m}_2) = \frac{3 \mu_0}{4 \pi r^4}\left[\mathbf{m}_2 (\mathbf{m}_1\cdot \hat{\mathbf{r}}) + \mathbf{m}_1(\mathbf{m}_2\cdot \hat{\mathbf{r}}) + \hat{\mathbf{r}}(\mathbf{m}_1\cdot\mathbf{m}_2) - 5\hat{\mathbf{r}} (\mathbf{m}_1\cdot \hat{\mathbf{r}})(\mathbf{m}_2\cdot \hat{\mathbf{r}})\right], | |||
</math> | |||
where <math>\hat{\mathbf{r}}</math> is the unit vector pointing from magnet 1 to magnet 2 and {{math|''r''}} is the distance. An equivalent expression is<ref name=Yung/> | |||
:<math> | |||
\mathbf{F} = \frac {3 \mu_0} {4 \pi r^4} \left[ (\hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \mathbf{m}_1) \times \mathbf{m}_2 + (\hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \mathbf{m}_2) \times \mathbf{m}_1 - 2 \hat{\mathbf{r}}(\mathbf{m}_1 \cdot \mathbf{m}_2) + 5 \hat{\mathbf{r}} (\hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \mathbf{m}_1) \cdot (\hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \mathbf{m}_2) \right]. | |||
</math> | |||
The force acting on '''m'''<sub>1</sub> is in opposite direction. | |||
The torque of magnet 2 on magnet 1 is | |||
:<math>\boldsymbol{\tau}=\mathbf{m}_2 \times \mathbf{B}_1.</math> | |||
== Examples of magnetic moments == | |||
=== Two kinds of magnetic sources === | |||
Fundamentally, contributions to any system's magnetic moment may come from sources of two kinds: (1) motion of [[electric charge]]s, such as [[electric current]]s, and (2) the [[Spin (physics)#Magnetic moments|intrinsic magnetism]] of [[elementary particle]]s, such as the [[electron]]. | |||
Contributions due to the sources of the first kind can be calculated from knowing the distribution of all the electric currents (or, alternatively, of all the electric charges and their velocities) inside the system, by using the formulas below. On the other hand, the [[Euclidean vector|magnitude]] of each elementary particle's intrinsic magnetic moment is a fixed number, often measured experimentally to a great precision. For example, any electron's magnetic moment is measured to be −9.284764×10<sup>−24</sup> J/T.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?muem |title=CODATA value: electron magnetic moment}}</ref> The [[Euclidean vector|direction]] of the magnetic moment of any elementary particle is entirely determined by the direction of its [[spin (physics)|spin]] (the [[minus]] in front of the value above indicates that any electron's magnetic moment is antiparallel to its spin). | |||
The net magnetic moment of any system is a [[Euclidean vector|vector sum]] of contributions from one or both types of sources. | |||
For example, the magnetic moment of an atom of [[Hydrogen atom|hydrogen-1]] (the lightest hydrogen isotope, consisting of a proton and an electron) is a vector sum of the following contributions: | |||
# the intrinsic moment of the electron, | |||
# the orbital motion of the electron around the proton, | |||
# the intrinsic moment of the proton. | |||
Similarly, the magnetic moment of a [[bar magnet]] is the sum of the intrinsic and orbital magnetic moments of the unpaired [[electron]]s of the magnet's material. | |||
=== Magnetic moment of an atom === | |||
For an atom, individual electron spins are added to get a total spin, and individual orbital angular momenta are added to get a total orbital [[angular momentum]]. These two then are added using [[angular momentum coupling]] to get a total angular momentum. The magnitude of the atomic dipole moment is then<ref name=Tilley2>{{cite book |title=Understanding Solids |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZVgOLCXNoMoC&pg=PA368 |page=368 |isbn=0-470-85275-5 |author=RJD Tilley |year=2004 |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]}}</ref> | |||
: <math>m_\text{Atom} = g_J \mu_B \sqrt{J(J+1)}</math> | |||
where ''J'' is the [[total angular momentum quantum number]], ''g<sub>J</sub>'' is the [[Landé g-factor]], and ''μ<sub>B</sub>'' is the [[Bohr magneton]]. The component of this magnetic moment along the direction of the magnetic field is then<ref name=Llewellyn>{{cite book |title=Modern Physics |author=Paul Allen Tipler, Ralph A. Llewellyn |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tpU18JqcSNkC&pg=PA310 |page=310 |isbn=0-7167-4345-0 |year=2002 |edition=4 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]]}}</ref> | |||
: <math>m_\text{Atom}(z) = -m g_J \mu_B</math> | |||
where ''m'' is called the [[magnetic quantum number]] or the ''equatorial'' quantum number, which can take on any of 2''J''+1 values:<ref name=Crowther>{{cite book |title=Ions, Electrons and Ionizing Radiations |author=JA Crowther |page=277 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=H_sft9-zm5AC&pg=PA277 |isbn=1-4067-2039-9 |year=2007 |publisher=Rene Press |edition= reprinted Cambridge (1934) 6}}</ref> | |||
:<math>-J, -(J-1) \cdots 0 \cdots +(J-1), +J</math>. | |||
The negative sign occurs because electrons have negative charge. | |||
Due to the angular momentum, the dynamics of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field differs from that of an electric dipole in an electric field. The field does exert a torque on the magnetic dipole tending to align it with the field. However, torque is proportional to rate of change of angular momentum, so [[precession]] occurs: the direction of spin changes. This behavior is described by the [[Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation]]:<ref name=Rice>{{cite book |title=Advances in chemical physics |author=Stuart Alan Rice |url=http://books.google.com/?id=wK3Vhq-VnBQC&pg=PA208 |pages=208 ''ff'' |isbn=0-471-44528-2 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |year=2004}}</ref><ref name=Steiner>{{cite book |title=Micromagnetism and Electrical Resistance of Ferromagnetic Electrodes for Spin Injection Devices |author=Marcus Steiner |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |year=2004 |isbn=3-86537-176-0 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tnX1edkCB-wC&pg=PA6 |page=6}}</ref> | |||
: <math>\frac{1}{\gamma} \frac{{\rm d}\mathbf{m}}{{\rm d}t} = \mathbf{m \times H_\text{eff}} - \frac{\lambda}{\gamma m}\mathbf{m} \times \frac{{\rm d}\mathbf{m}}{{\rm d}t}</math> | |||
where <math>\scriptstyle\gamma</math> is gyromagnetic ratio, '''m''' is magnetic moment, ''λ'' is damping coefficient and '''H'''<sub>eff</sub> is effective magnetic field (the external field plus any self-field). The first term describes precession of the moment about the effective field, while the second is a damping term related to dissipation of energy caused by interaction with the surroundings. | |||
=== Magnetic moment of an electron === | |||
{{seealso|Anomalous magnetic dipole moment}} | |||
[[Electron]]s and many elementary particles also have intrinsic [[Electron magnetic dipole moment|magnetic moments]], an explanation of which requires a quantum mechanical treatment and relates to the intrinsic [[angular momentum]] of the particles as discussed in the article [[electron magnetic dipole moment]]. It is these intrinsic magnetic moments that give rise to the macroscopic effects of [[magnetism]], and other phenomena, such as [[electron paramagnetic resonance]]. | |||
The magnetic moment of the electron is | |||
: <math> \mathbf{m}_\text{S} = -\frac{g_\text{S} \mu_\text{B} \mathbf{S}}{\hbar},</math> | |||
where ''μ''<sub>B</sub> is the [[Bohr magneton]], '''S''' is electron [[spin (physics)|spin]], and the [[g-factor (physics)|g-factor]] ''g''<sub>S</sub> is 2 according to [[Dirac equation|Dirac]]'s theory, but due to [[quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamic]] effects it is slightly larger in reality: 2.002 319 304 36. The deviation from 2 is known as the [[anomalous magnetic dipole moment]]. | |||
Again it is important to notice that '''m''' is a negative constant multiplied by the [[spin (physics)|spin]], so the magnetic moment of the electron is antiparallel to the spin. This can be understood with the following classical picture: if we imagine that the spin angular momentum is created by the electron mass spinning around some axis, the electric current that this rotation creates circulates in the ''opposite'' direction, because of the negative charge of the electron; such current loops produce a magnetic moment which is antiparallel to the spin. Hence, for a positron (the anti-particle of the electron) the magnetic moment is parallel to its spin. | |||
=== Magnetic moment of a nucleus === | |||
{{See also|Nuclear magnetic moment}} | |||
The nuclear system is a complex physical system consisting of nucleons, i.e., [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s. The quantum mechanical properties of the nucleons include the spin among others. Since the electromagnetic moments of the nucleus depend on the spin of the individual nucleons, one can look at these properties with measurements of nuclear moments, and more specifically the nuclear magnetic dipole moment. | |||
Most common nuclei exist in their [[ground state]], although nuclei of some [[isotope]]s have long-lived [[excited state]]s. Each [[energy state]] of a nucleus of a given isotope is characterized by a well-defined magnetic dipole moment, the magnitude of which is a fixed number, often measured experimentally to a great precision. This number is very sensitive to the individual contributions from nucleons, and a measurement or prediction of its value can reveal important information about the content of the nuclear wave function. There are several theoretical models that predict the value of the magnetic dipole moment and a number of experimental techniques aiming to carry out measurements in nuclei along the nuclear chart. | |||
=== Magnetic moment of a molecule === | |||
Any molecule has a well-defined magnitude of magnetic moment, which may depend on the molecule's [[energy state]]. Typically, the overall magnetic moment of a molecule is a combination of the following contributions, in the order of their typical strength: | |||
* magnetic moments due to its unpaired [[electron spin]]s ([[paramagnetic]] contribution), if any | |||
* orbital motion of its electrons, which in the [[Stationary state#Ground state|ground state]] is often proportional to the external magnetic field ([[diamagnetic]] contribution) | |||
* the combined magnetic moment of its [[nuclear spin]]s, which depends on the [[Angular momentum coupling#Spin-spin coupling|nuclear spin configuration]]. | |||
==== Examples of molecular magnetism ==== | |||
* [[Oxygen]] molecule, O<sub>2</sub>, exhibits strong [[paramagnetism]], due to unpaired spins of its outermost two electrons. | |||
* [[Carbon dioxide]] molecule, CO<sub>2</sub>, mostly exhibits [[diamagnetism]], a much weaker magnetic moment of the electron [[Molecular orbital|orbitals]] that is proportional to the external magnetic field. In the rare instance when a magnetic [[isotope]], such as <sup>13</sup>C or <sup>17</sup>O, is present, it will contribute its nuclear magnetism to the molecule's magnetic moment. | |||
* [[Hydrogen]] molecule, H<sub>2</sub>, in a weak (or zero) magnetic field exhibits nuclear magnetism, and can be in a [[parahydrogen|para-]] or an [[orthohydrogen|ortho-]] nuclear spin configuration. | |||
=== Elementary particles === | |||
In atomic and nuclear physics, the symbol ''μ'' represents the [[Euclidean vector|magnitude]] of the magnetic moment, often measured in [[Bohr magneton]]s or [[nuclear magneton]]s, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and/or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system. Values of the intrinsic magnetic moments of some particles are given in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Intrinsic magnetic moments and spins of some elementary particles <ref>{{cite web|title=Search results matching ' magnetic moment '... |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Results?search_for=+magnetic+moment |work=CODATA internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology | accessdate= 11 May 2012}}</ref> | |||
! Particle!!Magnetic dipole moment in [[SI]] units (10<sup>−27</sup> [[Joule (unit)|J]]⋅[[Tesla (unit)|T]]<sup>−1</sup>)!![[spin (physics)|Spin quantum number]] ([[dimensionless]]) | |||
|- | |||
| [[electron]] || -9284.764 || 1/2 | |||
|- | |||
| [[proton]] || 14.106067 || 1/2 | |||
|- | |||
| [[neutron]] || -9.66236 || 1/2 | |||
|- | |||
| [[muon]] || -44.904478 || 1/2 | |||
|- | |||
| [[deuteron]] || 4.3307346 || 1 | |||
|- | |||
| [[tritium|triton]] || 15.046094 || 1/2 | |||
|- | |||
| [[helion (chemistry)|helion]]|| -10.746174 || 1/2 | |||
|- | |||
| [[alpha particle]]|| 0 || 0 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
For relation between the notions of magnetic moment and magnetization see [[magnetization]]. | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Electric dipole moment]] | |||
* [[Magnetic susceptibility]] | |||
* [[Magnetic dipole-dipole interaction]] | |||
* [[Spin magnetic moment]] | |||
* [[Orbital magnetization]] | |||
== References and notes == | |||
{{Reflist|35em}} | |||
== Further reading == | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Brown, Jr.|first = William Fuller|author-link = William Fuller Brown, Jr.|title = Magnetostatic Principles in Ferromagnetism|year=1962 |publisher = [[North-Holland]]|ref=harv}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Jackson|first=John David|title=Classical electrodynamics|year=1975|publisher=Wiley|location=New York|isbn=047143132X|edition=2d|ref=harv}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* {{cite web|last=Bowtell|first=Richard|title=μ – Magnetic Moment|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/magneticmoment.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|year=2009}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magnetic Moment}} | |||
[[Category:Magnetostatics]] | |||
[[Category:Magnetism]] | |||
[[Category:Electric and magnetic fields in matter]] | |||
[[Category:Physical quantities]] |
Latest revision as of 23:41, 9 April 2013
Earlier than you determine whether or not stainless steel cookware is value shopping for, lets first talk about what stainless steel cookware is. Chrome steel is made from an alloy, or a mix of metals. Mostly, fundamental iron with chromium, nickel or some other minor metals. The chromium supplies rust protection and provides your cookware sturdiness. The nickel provides rust safety as effectively, and provides a refined look. Most effectively made chrome steel cookware has copper or aluminum added to the underside of the pan or pot. This is finished to increases the ability of the pot or pan to conduct heat.
One of the best stainless-steel cookware is the principle category, however nonetheless it is divided into several subcategories based mostly on the quality and the price range. It may be confusing to decide on the very best stainless-steel cookware out of the categories that may meet your requirements. That is where we took a step forward to explain you all the knowledge that will likely be helpful so that you can understand how to decide on the best chrome steel cookware. The best stainless-steel cookware set is manufactured from low-cost to expensive and quality constructed pots and pans.
You will find magnetic stainless steel within the layer on the outside of some high quality pieces of stainless-steel. That is to make it compatible with induction stovetops, which involve using a rapidly charging electromagnetic subject to warmth cookware. High-high quality stainless steel, like All-Clad , uses three layers of steel—the austenite layer of metal on the within, ferrite steel on the outside, and a layer of aluminum sandwiched between the two for optimum heat conductivity (metal alone doesn't conduct warmth evenly). Lesser-high quality stainless-steel is usually only one layer of austenitic chrome steel.
Aesthetically talking, chrome steel is a wise alternative when you favor to show or hang pots or pans. The clean, crisp look of all chrome steel kitchenware can remodel a mishmash of cookware into a complicated décor statement. Chrome steel kettles, such because the Cuisinart Tea Kettle will combine individual kitchenware right into a cohesive and nice entity. Take into account buying stainless-steel utensils as well. Already acquired a gorgeous stainless steel cookware assortment? The Cuisinart Chef’s Collection stainless pot rack could be the crowning glory for a kitchen, liberating up space and making these pots and pans readily accessible. Get the stainless-steel cookware of your culinary goals at Macy’s!
Arduous-anodized aluminum cookware is among the most popular forms of material, despite the fact that many people do not fairly perceive the development. Hard-anodized aluminum is plain aluminum that has been processed in a series of chemical baths charged with an electrical present. The result's a fabric that has the same superior warmth conductivity as aluminum however is non-reactive with acidic meals, similar to tomatoes, and twice as hard as chrome steel. Two drawbacks to laborious-anodized cookware are that it's not dishwasher-secure and, because it isn't magnetic, it will not work with induction range tops.
The enamel over metal method creates a piece that has the heat distribution of carbon steel and a non-reactive, low-stick surface. In the event you loved this information and you desire to acquire details about best stainless steel cookware i implore you to pay a visit to our page. Such pots are a lot lighter than most different pots of comparable dimension, are cheaper to make than chrome steel pots, and would not have the rust and reactivity problems with forged iron or carbon steel. quotation needed Enamel over metal is right for large stockpots and for different giant pans used mostly for water-primarily based cooking. Because of its mild weight and simple cleanup, enamel over metal can also be standard for cookware used while tenting. Clad aluminium or copper edit
Unique specialty cookware items served a la carte to compliment any cookware set are constructed of a sturdy Stainless Steel with a brushed exterior finish. Designed with an impression bonded, aluminum disk encapsulated base which distributes warmth quickly and evenly to permit exact temperature management. Handles are riveted for durability and efficiency. The New Specialty Cookware is compatible for all vary sorts together with induction. Along with the multi use function, another unique characteristic is bottom to top interior quantity markings in each quarts and metric measurement; and each bit comes with a tempered glass lid, oven safe to 350°F.
Whether or not you are a cooking enthusiasts, knowledgeable chef or simply cooking for your family you know the importance of getting a totally stocked kitchen. Not solely do you want the fitting elements, but you also need the right instruments to get the job performed. In any sort of fundamental cooking coaching lesson, you will be taught that chrome steel is your new finest pal when it comes to kitchen cookware. What additionally, you will study is that quality cooking tools does not normally come at a reduced price. Because of this, you will need to take good care of your cookware! Listed here are some fundamentals for stainless steel care.
To combat the uneven heating downside, most stainless steel pans are laminations of aluminum or copper on the underside to spread the warmth around, and stainless-steel contained in the pan to provide a cooking floor that's impervious to whatever you might put inside. In my experience, this chrome steel floor continues to be too sticky to fry on, and when you ever burn it you get a permanent hassle spot. But, sometimes a stainless-steel cooking surface turns out to be useful when you can't use aluminum (see below) so I keep some round. Choose one thing with a fairly thick aluminum layer on the underside.
Well, until you’re a metals professional and go examine the factory where the steel is made to see whether or not their manufacturing course of creates a pure austenite without corrosive supplies shaped, you’re not going to know for sure whether or not the craftsmanship of your stainless is of the very best quality. I think your greatest wager is to simply buy high-quality chrome steel from the start, from a brand with a reputation for good quality. But, I believe I have found out one way that you would be able to decide if the stainless cookware you already have is probably reactive.
The magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that determines the force that the magnet can exert on electric currents and the torque that a magnetic field will exert on it. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron, a molecule, and a planet all have magnetic moments.
Both the magnetic moment and magnetic field may be considered to be vectors having a magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic moment points from the south to north pole of a magnet. The magnetic field produced by a magnet is proportional to its magnetic moment as well. More precisely, the term magnetic moment normally refers to a system's magnetic dipole moment, which produces the first term in the multipole expansion of a general magnetic field. The dipole component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of the distance from the object.
Two definitions of moment
The preferred definition of a magnetic moment has changed over time. Before the 1930s, textbooks defined the moment using magnetic poles. Since then, most have defined it in terms of Ampèrian currents.[1]
Magnetic pole definition
The sources of magnetic moments in materials can be represented by poles in analogy to electrostatics. Consider a bar magnet which has magnetic poles of equal magnitude but opposite polarity. Each pole is the source of magnetic force which weakens with distance. Since magnetic poles always come in pairs, their forces partially cancel each other because while one pole pulls, the other repels. This cancellation is greatest when the poles are close to each other i.e. when the bar magnet is short. The magnetic force produced by a bar magnet, at a given point in space, therefore depends on two factors: the strength p of its poles (the magnetic pole strength), and the vector ℓ separating them. The moment is defined as[1]
It points in the direction from South to North pole. The analogy with electric dipoles should not be taken too far because magnetic dipoles are associated with angular momentum (see Magnetic moment and angular momentum). Nevertheless, magnetic poles are very useful for magnetostatic calculations, particularly in applications to ferromagnets.[1] Practitioners using the magnetic pole approach generally represent the magnetic field by the irrotational field H, in analogy to the electric field E.
Current loop definition
Suppose a planar closed loop carries an electric current I and has vector area S (x, y, and z coordinates of this vector are the areas of projections of the loop onto the yz, zx, and xy planes). Its magnetic moment μ, vector, is defined as:
By convention, the direction of the vector area is given by the right hand grip rule (curling the fingers of one's right hand in the direction of the current around the loop, when the palm of the hand is "touching" the loop's outer edge, and the straight thumb indicates the direction of the vector area and thus of the magnetic moment). [2]
If the loop is not planar, the moment is given as
where × is the vector cross product. In the most general case of an arbitrary current distribution in space, the magnetic moment of such a distribution can be found from the following equation:
where r is the position vector pointing from the origin to the location of the volume element, and J is the current density vector at that location.
The above equation can be used for calculating a magnetic moment of any assembly of moving charges, such as a spinning charged solid, by substituting
where ρ is the electric charge density at a given point and v is the instantaneous linear velocity of that point.
For example, the magnetic moment produced by an electric charge moving along a circular path is
where r is the position of the charge q relative to the center of the circle and v is the instantaneous velocity of the charge.
Practitioners using the current loop model generally represent the magnetic field by the solenoidal field B, analogous to the electrostatic field D.
Magnetic moment of a solenoid
A generalization of the above current loop is a coil, or solenoid. Its moment is the vector sum of the moments of individual turns. If the solenoid has N identical turns (single-layer winding) and vector area S,
Units
The unit for magnetic moment is not a base unit in the International System of Units (SI) and it can be represented in more than one way. For example, in the current loop definition, the area is measured in square meters and I is measured in amperes, so the magnetic moment is measured in ampere–square meters (A m2). In the equation for torque on a moment, the torque is measured in joules and the magnetic field in teslas, so the moment is measured in joules per tesla (J⋅T−1). These two representations are equivalent:
- 1 A·m2 = 1 J·T−1.
In the CGS system, there are several different sets of electromagnetism units, of which the main ones are ESU, Gaussian, and EMU. Among these, there are two alternative (non-equivalent) units of magnetic dipole moment in CGS:
and (more frequently used)
The ratio of these two non-equivalent CGS units (EMU/ESU) is equal exactly to the speed of light in free space, expressed in cm·s−1.
All formulas in this article are correct in SI units, but in other unit systems, the formulas may need to be changed. For example, in SI units, a loop of current with current I and area A has magnetic moment I×A (see below), but in Gaussian units the magnetic moment is I×A/c.
Magnetic moment and angular momentum
The magnetic moment has a close connection with angular momentum called the gyromagnetic effect. This effect is expressed on a macroscopic scale in the Einstein-de Haas effect, or "rotation by magnetization," and its inverse, the Barnett effect, or "magnetization by rotation."[3] In particular, when a magnetic moment is subject to a torque in a magnetic field that tends to align it with the applied magnetic field, the moment precesses (rotates about the axis of the applied field). This is a consequence of the angular momentum associated with the moment.
Viewing a magnetic dipole as a rotating charged sphere brings out the close connection between magnetic moment and angular momentum. Both the magnetic moment and the angular momentum increase with the rate of rotation of the sphere. The ratio of the two is called the gyromagnetic ratio, usually denoted by the symbol γ.[4] [5]
For a spinning charged solid with a uniform charge density to mass density ratio, the gyromagnetic ratio is equal to half the charge-to-mass ratio. This implies that a more massive assembly of charges spinning with the same angular momentum will have a proportionately weaker magnetic moment, compared to its lighter counterpart. Even though atomic particles cannot be accurately described as spinning charge distributions of uniform charge-to-mass ratio, this general trend can be observed in the atomic world, where the intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of each type of particle is a constant: a small half-integer times the reduced Planck constant ħ. This is the basis for defining the magnetic moment units of Bohr magneton (assuming charge-to-mass ratio of the electron) and nuclear magneton (assuming charge-to-mass ratio of the proton).
Effects of an external magnetic field on a magnetic moment
Force on a moment
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A magnetic moment in an externally-produced magnetic field has a potential energy U:
In a case when the external magnetic field is non-uniform, there will be a force, proportional to the magnetic field gradient, acting on the magnetic moment itself. There has been some discussion on how to calculate the force acting on a magnetic dipole. There are two expressions for the force acting on a magnetic dipole, depending on whether the model used for the dipole is a current loop or two monopoles (analogous to the electric dipole).[6] The force obtained in the case of a current loop model is
In the case of a pair of monopoles being used (i.e. electric dipole model)
and one can be put in terms of the other via the relation
In all these expressions m is the dipole and B is the magnetic field at its position. Note that if there are no currents or time-varying electrical fields Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
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An electron, nucleus, or atom placed in a uniform magnetic field will precess with a frequency known as the Larmor frequency. See Resonance.
Torque on a moment
The magnetic moment can also be defined as a vector relating the aligning torque on the object from an externally applied magnetic field to the field vector itself. The relationship is given by [3]
where τ is the torque acting on the dipole and B is the external magnetic field.
Magnetic dipoles
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A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a current loop or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are reduced to zero while keeping the moment constant. As long as these limits only applies to fields far from the sources, they are equivalent. However, the two models give different predictions for the internal field (see below).
External magnetic field produced by a magnetic dipole moment
Any system possessing a net magnetic dipole moment m will produce a dipolar magnetic field (described below) in the space surrounding the system. While the net magnetic field produced by the system can also have higher-order multipole components, those will drop off with distance more rapidly, so that only the dipolar component will dominate the magnetic field of the system at distances far away from it.
The vector potential of magnetic field produced by magnetic moment m is
and magnetic flux density is
Alternatively one can obtain the scalar potential first from the magnetic pole perspective,
and hence magnetic field strength is
The magnetic field of an ideal magnetic dipole is depicted on the left.
Internal magnetic field of a dipole
The two models for a dipole (current loop and magnetic poles) give the same predictions for the magnetic field far from the source. However, inside the source region they give different predictions. The magnetic field between poles (see figure for Magnetic pole definition) is in the opposite direction to the magnetic moment (which points from the negative charge to the positive charge), while inside a current loop it is in the same direction (see the figure to the right). Clearly, the limits of these fields must also be different as the sources shrink to zero size. This distinction only matters if the dipole limit is used to calculate fields inside a magnetic material.[1]
If a magnetic dipole is formed by making a current loop smaller and smaller, but keeping the product of current and area constant, the limiting field is
Unlike the expressions in the previous section, this limit is correct for the internal field of the dipole.[1][7]
If a magnetic dipole is formed by taking a "north pole" and a "south pole", bringing them closer and closer together but keeping the product of magnetic pole-charge and distance constant, the limiting field is[1]
These fields are related by , where
is the magnetization.
Forces between two magnetic dipoles
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Singapore has been beckoning to traders ever since the value of properties in Singapore started sky rocketing just a few years again. Many businesses have their places of work in Singapore and prefer to own their own workplace area within the country once they decide to have a everlasting office. Rentals in Singapore in the corporate sector can make sense for some time until a business has discovered a agency footing. Finding Commercial Property Singapore takes a variety of time and effort but might be very rewarding in the long term.
is changing into a rising pattern among Singaporeans as the standard of living is increasing over time and more Singaporeans have abundance of capital to invest on properties. Investing in the personal properties in Singapore I would like to applaud you for arising with such a book which covers the secrets and techniques and tips of among the profitable Singapore property buyers. I believe many novice investors will profit quite a bit from studying and making use of some of the tips shared by the gurus." – Woo Chee Hoe Special bonus for consumers of Secrets of Singapore Property Gurus Actually, I can't consider one other resource on the market that teaches you all the points above about Singapore property at such a low value. Can you? Condominium For Sale (D09) – Yong An Park For Lease
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As discussed earlier, the force exerted by a dipole loop with moment Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
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There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. on another with moment Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. is
where Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. is the magnetic field due to moment 2. The result of calculating the gradient is[8][9]
where is the unit vector pointing from magnet 1 to magnet 2 and Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.
Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.
There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity
This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.
A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.
If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.
Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. is the distance. An equivalent expression is[9]
The force acting on m1 is in opposite direction.
The torque of magnet 2 on magnet 1 is
Examples of magnetic moments
Two kinds of magnetic sources
Fundamentally, contributions to any system's magnetic moment may come from sources of two kinds: (1) motion of electric charges, such as electric currents, and (2) the intrinsic magnetism of elementary particles, such as the electron.
Contributions due to the sources of the first kind can be calculated from knowing the distribution of all the electric currents (or, alternatively, of all the electric charges and their velocities) inside the system, by using the formulas below. On the other hand, the magnitude of each elementary particle's intrinsic magnetic moment is a fixed number, often measured experimentally to a great precision. For example, any electron's magnetic moment is measured to be −9.284764×10−24 J/T.[10] The direction of the magnetic moment of any elementary particle is entirely determined by the direction of its spin (the minus in front of the value above indicates that any electron's magnetic moment is antiparallel to its spin).
The net magnetic moment of any system is a vector sum of contributions from one or both types of sources. For example, the magnetic moment of an atom of hydrogen-1 (the lightest hydrogen isotope, consisting of a proton and an electron) is a vector sum of the following contributions:
- the intrinsic moment of the electron,
- the orbital motion of the electron around the proton,
- the intrinsic moment of the proton.
Similarly, the magnetic moment of a bar magnet is the sum of the intrinsic and orbital magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons of the magnet's material.
Magnetic moment of an atom
For an atom, individual electron spins are added to get a total spin, and individual orbital angular momenta are added to get a total orbital angular momentum. These two then are added using angular momentum coupling to get a total angular momentum. The magnitude of the atomic dipole moment is then[11]
where J is the total angular momentum quantum number, gJ is the Landé g-factor, and μB is the Bohr magneton. The component of this magnetic moment along the direction of the magnetic field is then[12]
where m is called the magnetic quantum number or the equatorial quantum number, which can take on any of 2J+1 values:[13]
The negative sign occurs because electrons have negative charge.
Due to the angular momentum, the dynamics of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field differs from that of an electric dipole in an electric field. The field does exert a torque on the magnetic dipole tending to align it with the field. However, torque is proportional to rate of change of angular momentum, so precession occurs: the direction of spin changes. This behavior is described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation:[14][15]
where is gyromagnetic ratio, m is magnetic moment, λ is damping coefficient and Heff is effective magnetic field (the external field plus any self-field). The first term describes precession of the moment about the effective field, while the second is a damping term related to dissipation of energy caused by interaction with the surroundings.
Magnetic moment of an electron
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Electrons and many elementary particles also have intrinsic magnetic moments, an explanation of which requires a quantum mechanical treatment and relates to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles as discussed in the article electron magnetic dipole moment. It is these intrinsic magnetic moments that give rise to the macroscopic effects of magnetism, and other phenomena, such as electron paramagnetic resonance.
The magnetic moment of the electron is
where μB is the Bohr magneton, S is electron spin, and the g-factor gS is 2 according to Dirac's theory, but due to quantum electrodynamic effects it is slightly larger in reality: 2.002 319 304 36. The deviation from 2 is known as the anomalous magnetic dipole moment.
Again it is important to notice that m is a negative constant multiplied by the spin, so the magnetic moment of the electron is antiparallel to the spin. This can be understood with the following classical picture: if we imagine that the spin angular momentum is created by the electron mass spinning around some axis, the electric current that this rotation creates circulates in the opposite direction, because of the negative charge of the electron; such current loops produce a magnetic moment which is antiparallel to the spin. Hence, for a positron (the anti-particle of the electron) the magnetic moment is parallel to its spin.
Magnetic moment of a nucleus
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In 12 months 2013, c ommercial retails, shoebox residences and mass market properties continued to be the celebrities of the property market. Models are snapped up in report time and at document breaking prices. Builders are having fun with overwhelming demand and patrons need more. We feel that these segments of the property market are booming is a repercussion of the property cooling measures no.6 and no. 7. With additional buyer's stamp responsibility imposed on residential properties, buyers change their focus to commercial and industrial properties. I imagine every property purchasers need their property funding to understand in value.
The nuclear system is a complex physical system consisting of nucleons, i.e., protons and neutrons. The quantum mechanical properties of the nucleons include the spin among others. Since the electromagnetic moments of the nucleus depend on the spin of the individual nucleons, one can look at these properties with measurements of nuclear moments, and more specifically the nuclear magnetic dipole moment.
Most common nuclei exist in their ground state, although nuclei of some isotopes have long-lived excited states. Each energy state of a nucleus of a given isotope is characterized by a well-defined magnetic dipole moment, the magnitude of which is a fixed number, often measured experimentally to a great precision. This number is very sensitive to the individual contributions from nucleons, and a measurement or prediction of its value can reveal important information about the content of the nuclear wave function. There are several theoretical models that predict the value of the magnetic dipole moment and a number of experimental techniques aiming to carry out measurements in nuclei along the nuclear chart.
Magnetic moment of a molecule
Any molecule has a well-defined magnitude of magnetic moment, which may depend on the molecule's energy state. Typically, the overall magnetic moment of a molecule is a combination of the following contributions, in the order of their typical strength:
- magnetic moments due to its unpaired electron spins (paramagnetic contribution), if any
- orbital motion of its electrons, which in the ground state is often proportional to the external magnetic field (diamagnetic contribution)
- the combined magnetic moment of its nuclear spins, which depends on the nuclear spin configuration.
Examples of molecular magnetism
- Oxygen molecule, O2, exhibits strong paramagnetism, due to unpaired spins of its outermost two electrons.
- Carbon dioxide molecule, CO2, mostly exhibits diamagnetism, a much weaker magnetic moment of the electron orbitals that is proportional to the external magnetic field. In the rare instance when a magnetic isotope, such as 13C or 17O, is present, it will contribute its nuclear magnetism to the molecule's magnetic moment.
- Hydrogen molecule, H2, in a weak (or zero) magnetic field exhibits nuclear magnetism, and can be in a para- or an ortho- nuclear spin configuration.
Elementary particles
In atomic and nuclear physics, the symbol μ represents the magnitude of the magnetic moment, often measured in Bohr magnetons or nuclear magnetons, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and/or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system. Values of the intrinsic magnetic moments of some particles are given in the table below:
Particle | Magnetic dipole moment in SI units (10−27 J⋅T−1) | Spin quantum number (dimensionless) |
---|---|---|
electron | -9284.764 | 1/2 |
proton | 14.106067 | 1/2 |
neutron | -9.66236 | 1/2 |
muon | -44.904478 | 1/2 |
deuteron | 4.3307346 | 1 |
triton | 15.046094 | 1/2 |
helion | -10.746174 | 1/2 |
alpha particle | 0 | 0 |
For relation between the notions of magnetic moment and magnetization see magnetization.
See also
- Electric dipole moment
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Magnetic dipole-dipole interaction
- Spin magnetic moment
- Orbital magnetization
References and notes
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
Further reading
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
External links
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Template:Harvnb
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 3.0 3.1
20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web