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In [[mathematics]], '''Belyi's theorem''' on [[algebraic curve]]s states that any [[non-singular]] algebraic curve ''C'', defined by [[algebraic number]] coefficients, represents a [[compact Riemann surface]] which is a [[ramified covering]] of the [[Riemann sphere]], ramified at three points only. | |||
This is a result of [[G. V. Belyi]] from 1979. At the time it was considered surprising, and it spurred Grothendieck to develop his theory of [[Dessin d'enfant|dessins d'enfant]], which describes nonsingular algebraic curves over the algebraic numbers using combinatorial data. | |||
== Quotients of the upper half-plane == | |||
It follows that the Riemann surface in question can be taken to be | |||
:''H''/Γ | |||
with ''H'' the [[upper half-plane]] and Γ of [[finite index]] in the [[modular group]], compactified by [[cusp (singularity)|cusps]]. Since the modular group has [[non-congruence subgroup]]s, it is ''not'' the conclusion that any such curve is a [[modular curve]]. | |||
== Belyi functions == | |||
A '''Belyi function''' is a [[holomorphic map]] from a compact Riemann surface ''S'' to the [[complex projective line]] '''P'''<sup>1</sup>('''C''') ramified only over three points, which after a [[Möbius transformation]] may be taken to be <math> \{0, 1, \infty\} </math>. Belyi functions may be described combinatorially by [[Dessin_d'enfant|dessins d'enfants]]. | |||
Belyi functions and dessins d'enfants – but not Belyi's theorem – date at least to the work of [[Felix Klein]]; he used them in his {{Harv|Klein|1879}} to study an 11-fold cover of the complex projective line with monodromy group PSL(2,11).<ref>{{citation | |||
| last = le Bruyn | first = Lieven | |||
| title = Klein’s dessins d’enfant and the buckyball | |||
| year = 2008 | |||
| url = http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/kleins-dessins-denfant-and-the-buckyball.html}}.</ref> | |||
== Applications == | |||
Belyi's theorem is an [[existence theorem]] for Belyi functions, and has subsequently been much used in the [[inverse Galois problem]]. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
*[[J.-P. Serre|Serre, J.-P.]] (1989), ''Lectures on the Mordell-Weil Theorem'', p. 71 | |||
*{{cite doi|10.1007/BF02086276}} | |||
*{{cite doi|10.1070/IM1980v014n02ABEH001096}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
* {{citation | last1=Girondo | first1=Ernesto | last2=González-Diez | first2=Gabino | title=Introduction to compact Riemann surfaces and dessins d'enfants | series=London Mathematical Society Student Texts | volume=79 | location=Cambridge | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-521-74022-7 | zbl=1253.30001 }} | |||
* {{citation | editor1=Dorian Goldfeld | editor2=Jay Jorgenson | editor3=Peter Jones | editor4=Dinakar Ramakrishnan | editor5=Kenneth A. Ribet | editor6=John Tate | title=Number Theory, Analysis and Geometry. In Memory of Serge Lang | publisher=Springer | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4614-1259-5 | author=Wushi Goldring | chapter=Unifying themes suggested by Belyi's Theorem | pages=181–214 }} | |||
[[Category:Algebraic curves]] | |||
[[Category:Theorems in algebraic geometry]] | |||
Revision as of 01:30, 3 October 2013
In mathematics, Belyi's theorem on algebraic curves states that any non-singular algebraic curve C, defined by algebraic number coefficients, represents a compact Riemann surface which is a ramified covering of the Riemann sphere, ramified at three points only.
This is a result of G. V. Belyi from 1979. At the time it was considered surprising, and it spurred Grothendieck to develop his theory of dessins d'enfant, which describes nonsingular algebraic curves over the algebraic numbers using combinatorial data.
Quotients of the upper half-plane
It follows that the Riemann surface in question can be taken to be
- H/Γ
with H the upper half-plane and Γ of finite index in the modular group, compactified by cusps. Since the modular group has non-congruence subgroups, it is not the conclusion that any such curve is a modular curve.
Belyi functions
A Belyi function is a holomorphic map from a compact Riemann surface S to the complex projective line P1(C) ramified only over three points, which after a Möbius transformation may be taken to be . Belyi functions may be described combinatorially by dessins d'enfants.
Belyi functions and dessins d'enfants – but not Belyi's theorem – date at least to the work of Felix Klein; he used them in his Template:Harv to study an 11-fold cover of the complex projective line with monodromy group PSL(2,11).[1]
Applications
Belyi's theorem is an existence theorem for Belyi functions, and has subsequently been much used in the inverse Galois problem.
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. Template:Refbegin
- Serre, J.-P. (1989), Lectures on the Mordell-Weil Theorem, p. 71
- Template:Cite doi
- Template:Cite doi
Further reading
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Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
- ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.