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In mathematics, '''Harnack's inequality''' is an [[inequality (mathematics)|inequality]]  relating the values of a positive [[harmonic function]] at two points, introduced by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Carl Gustav Axel Harnack|first=A.|last=Harnack|year=1887}}. {{harvs|txt|first=J. |last=Serrin|authorlink=James Serrin|year=1955}} and {{harvs|txt|last=Moser|first=J.|authorlink=Jürgen Moser |year1=1961|year4=1964}} generalized Harnack's inequality to solutions of elliptic or parabolic [[partial differential equation]]s.  [[Grigori Perelman|Perelman]]'s solution of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] uses a version of the Harnack inequality, found by {{harvs|txt|first=R.|last=Hamilton|authorlink=Richard Hamilton (mathematician)|year=1993|txt}}, for the [[Ricci flow]]. Harnack's inequality is used to prove [[Harnack's theorem]] about the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions. Harnack's inequality also implies the [[Hölder condition|regularity]] of the function in the interior of its domain.
 
==The statement==
 
[[Image:Harnack.png|thumb|200px|A harmonic function (green) over a disk (blue) is bounded from above by a function (red) that coincides with the harmonic function at the disk center and approaches infinity towards the disk boundary.]]
'''Harnack's inequality''' applies to a non-negative function  ''f''  defined on a closed ball in '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> with radius ''R'' and centre ''x''<sub>0</sub>. It states that, if ''f'' is continuous on the closed ball and [[harmonic function|harmonic]] on its interior, then for any point ''x'' with  |''x'' - ''x''<sub>0</sub>| = ''r'' < ''R''
 
:<math>\displaystyle{{1-(r/R)\over [1+(r/R)]^{n-1}}f(x_0)\le f(x) \le  {1+(r/R)\over [1-(r/R)]^{n-1}} f(x_0).}</math>
 
In the plane ''R''<sup>2</sup>  (''n'' = 2) the inequality can be written:
 
:<math>{R-r\over R+r} f(x_0)\le f(x)\le {R+r\over R-r}f(x_0).</math>
 
For general domains <math>\Omega</math> in <math>\mathbf{R}^n</math> the inequality can be stated as follows: If <math>\omega</math> is a bounded domain with <math>\bar{\omega} \subset \Omega</math>, then there is a constant <math>C</math> such that
 
:<math> \sup_{x \in \omega} u(x) \le C \inf_{x \in \omega} u(x)</math>
 
for every twice differentiable, harmonic and nonnegative function <math>u(x)</math>. The constant <math>C</math> is independent of <math>u</math>; it depends only on the domain.
 
==Proof of Harnack's inequality in a ball==
By [[Poisson kernel|Poisson's formula]]
 
:<math>\displaystyle{f(x) = {1\over \omega_{n-1}} \int_{|y-x_0|=R} {R^2 -r^2\over R|x-y|^n}\cdot f(y)\, dy,}</math>
 
where ω<sub>''n'' − 1</sub> is the area of the unit sphere in '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> and ''r'' = |''x'' - ''x''<sub>0</sub>|.
 
Since
 
:<math>\displaystyle{R-r \le |x-y| \le R+r,}</math>
the kernel in the integrand satisfies
 
:<math>\displaystyle{{R -r\over R (R+r)^{n-1}} \le {R^2 -r^2\over R|x-y|^n}\le {R+r\over R(R-r)^{n-1}}.}</math>
 
Harnack's inequality follows by substituting this inequality in the above integral and using the fact that the average of a harmonic function over a sphere equals it value at the center of the sphere:
 
:<math>\displaystyle{f(x_0)={1\over R^{n-1}\omega_{n-1}} \int_{|y-x_0|=R} f(y)\, dy.}</math>
 
==Elliptic partial differential equations==
For elliptic partial differential equations, Harnack's inequality states that the supremum of a positive solution in some connected open region is bounded by some constant times the infimum, possibly with an added term containing a functional [[norm (mathematics)|norm]] of the data:
:<math>\sup u \le C ( \inf u + ||f||)</math>
The constant depends on the ellipticity of the equation and the connected open region.
 
==Parabolic partial differential equations==
 
There is a version of Harnack's inequality for linear parabolic PDEs such as [[heat equation]].
 
Let <math>\mathcal{M}</math> be a smooth domain in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> and consider the linear parabolic operator
 
: <math>\mathcal{L}u=\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}(t,x)\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_i\,\partial x_j}+\sum_{i=1}^n b_i(t,x)\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i} + c(t,x)u</math>
 
with smooth and bounded coefficients and a nondegenerate matrix <math>(a_{ij})</math>. Suppose that <math>u(t,x)\in C^2((0,T)\times\mathcal{M})</math> is a solution of
 
: <math>\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\mathcal{L}u\ge0</math> in <math>(0,T)\times\mathcal{M}</math>
 
such that
 
: <math>\quad u(t,x)\ge0</math> in <math>\quad(0,T)\times\mathcal{M}.</math>
 
Let <math>K</math> be a compact subset of <math>\mathcal{M}</math> and choose <math>\tau\in(0,T)</math>. Then there exists a constant <math>\quad C>0</math> (depending only on <math>K</math>, <math>\tau</math> and the coefficients of <math>\mathcal{L}</math>) such that, for each <math>\quad t\in(\tau,T)</math>,
 
: <math>\sup_K u(t-\tau,\cdot)\le C\inf_K u(t,\cdot).\,</math>
 
==See also==
 
*[[Harnack's theorem]]
*[[Harmonic function]]
 
==References==
 
*{{Citation |title=Fully Nonlinear Elliptic Equations |last=Caffarelli |first=Luis A. |coauthors=Xavier Cabre |year=1995 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |location=Providence, Rhode Island |pages=31–41 |isbn=0-8218-0437-5}}
*{{citation|last=Folland|first= Gerald B.|title= Introduction to partial differential equations|edition=2nd|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|id= ISBN 0-691-04361-2}}
*{{Citation |title= Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order |last=Gilbarg |first=David |coauthors=Neil S. Trudinger | year=1988| publisher=Springer |isbn=3-540-41160-7}}
*{{Citation | last1=Hamilton | first1=Richard S. | title=The Harnack estimate for the Ricci flow | id={{MathSciNet | id = 1198607}} | year=1993 | journal=Journal of Differential Geometry | issn=0022-040X | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=225–243}}
*{{citation|first=A. |last=Harnack|title=Die Grundlagen der Theorie des logarithmischen Potentiales und der eindeutigen Potentialfunktion in der Ebene|publisher=V. G. Teubner|place= Leipzig  |year=1887|url=http://www.archive.org/details/vorlesunganwend00weierich}}
*{{citation|last=John|first= Fritz|title=Partial differential equations|edition=4th|series= Applied Mathematical Sciences|volume= 1|publisher= Springer-Verlag|year= 1982|id= ISBN 0-387-90609-6}}
*{{springer|id=h/h046620|title=Harnack theorem|first=L.I.|last= Kamynin}}
*{{springer|id=H/h046600|first1=L.I.|last1= Kamynin|first2=L.P.|last2= Kuptsov}}
*{{Citation | last1=Moser | first1=Jürgen | title=On Harnack's theorem for elliptic differential equations | id={{MathSciNet | id = 0159138}} | year=1961 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | volume=14 | issue=3 | pages=577–591 | doi=10.1002/cpa.3160140329}}
*{{Citation | last1=Moser | first1=Jürgen | title=A Harnack inequality for parabolic differential equations | id={{MathSciNet | id = 0159139}} | year=1964 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=101–134 | doi=10.1002/cpa.3160170106}}
*{{Citation | last1=Serrin | first1=James | title=On the Harnack inequality for linear elliptic equations | id={{MathSciNet | id = 0081415}} | year=1955 | journal=Journal d'Analyse Mathématique | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=292–308 | doi=10.1007/BF02787725}}
*L. C. Evans (1998), ''Partial differential equations''. American Mathematical Society, USA. For elliptic PDEs see Theorem 5, p.&nbsp;334 and for parabolic PDEs see Theorem 10, p.&nbsp;370.
 
[[Category:Harmonic functions]]
[[Category:Inequalities]]

Revision as of 19:37, 21 November 2013

In mathematics, Harnack's inequality is an inequality relating the values of a positive harmonic function at two points, introduced by Template:Harvs. Template:Harvs and Template:Harvs generalized Harnack's inequality to solutions of elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations. Perelman's solution of the Poincaré conjecture uses a version of the Harnack inequality, found by Template:Harvs, for the Ricci flow. Harnack's inequality is used to prove Harnack's theorem about the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions. Harnack's inequality also implies the regularity of the function in the interior of its domain.

The statement

File:Harnack.png
A harmonic function (green) over a disk (blue) is bounded from above by a function (red) that coincides with the harmonic function at the disk center and approaches infinity towards the disk boundary.

Harnack's inequality applies to a non-negative function f defined on a closed ball in Rn with radius R and centre x0. It states that, if f is continuous on the closed ball and harmonic on its interior, then for any point x with |x - x0| = r < R

In the plane R2 (n = 2) the inequality can be written:

For general domains in the inequality can be stated as follows: If is a bounded domain with , then there is a constant such that

for every twice differentiable, harmonic and nonnegative function . The constant is independent of ; it depends only on the domain.

Proof of Harnack's inequality in a ball

By Poisson's formula

where ωn − 1 is the area of the unit sphere in Rn and r = |x - x0|.

Since

the kernel in the integrand satisfies

Harnack's inequality follows by substituting this inequality in the above integral and using the fact that the average of a harmonic function over a sphere equals it value at the center of the sphere:

Elliptic partial differential equations

For elliptic partial differential equations, Harnack's inequality states that the supremum of a positive solution in some connected open region is bounded by some constant times the infimum, possibly with an added term containing a functional norm of the data:

The constant depends on the ellipticity of the equation and the connected open region.

Parabolic partial differential equations

There is a version of Harnack's inequality for linear parabolic PDEs such as heat equation.

Let be a smooth domain in and consider the linear parabolic operator

with smooth and bounded coefficients and a nondegenerate matrix . Suppose that is a solution of

in

such that

in

Let be a compact subset of and choose . Then there exists a constant (depending only on , and the coefficients of ) such that, for each ,

See also

References

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.

    my web-site http://himerka.com/
  • Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.

    my web-site http://himerka.com/
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • L. C. Evans (1998), Partial differential equations. American Mathematical Society, USA. For elliptic PDEs see Theorem 5, p. 334 and for parabolic PDEs see Theorem 10, p. 370.