Derived set (mathematics)

In mathematics, the Todd class is a certain construction now considered a part of the theory in algebraic topology of characteristic classes. The Todd class of a vector bundle can be defined by means of the theory of Chern classes, and is encountered where Chern classes exist — most notably in differential topology, the theory of complex manifolds and algebraic geometry. In rough terms, a Todd class acts like a reciprocal of a Chern class, or stands in relation to it as a conormal bundle does to a normal bundle.

The Todd class plays a fundamental role in generalising the classical Riemann-Roch theorem to higher dimensions, in the Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem and Grothendieck-Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem.

History

It is named for J. A. Todd, who introduced a special case of the concept in algebraic geometry in 1937, before the Chern classes were defined. The geometric idea involved is sometimes called the Todd-Eger class. The general definition in higher dimensions is due to Hirzebruch.

Definition

To define the Todd class td(E) where E is a complex vector bundle on a topological space X, it is usually possible to limit the definition to the case of a Whitney sum of line bundles, by means of a general device of characteristic class theory, the use of Chern roots (aka, the splitting principle). For the definition, let

$Q(x)=\frac{x}{1-e^{-x}}=\sum _{i=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(-1{)}^i{B}_i}{i!}{x}^i=1+x/2+x^2/12-x^4/720+\cdots$

be the formal power series with the property that the coefficient of xⁿ in Q(x)ⁿ⁺¹ is 1 (where the B_i are Bernoulli numbers). Consider the coefficient of x^j in the product

$\prod _{i=1}^{m}Q({\beta }_{i}x)$

for any m > j. This is symmetric in the β_i and homogeneous of weight j: so can be expressed as a polynomial td_j(p₁,...p_j) in the elementary symmetric functions p of the β. Then td_j defines the Todd polynomials: they form a multiplicative sequence with Q as characteristic power series.

If E has the α_i as its Chern roots, then the Todd class

$td(E)=\prod Q({\alpha }_i)$

which is to be computed in the cohomology ring of X (or in its completion if one wants to consider infinite dimensional manifolds).

The Todd class can be given explicitly as a formal power series in the Chern classes as follows:

td(E) = 1 + c₁/2 + (c₁²+c₂)/12 + c₁c₂/24 + (−c₁⁴ + 4c₁²c₂ + c₁c₃ + 3c₂² − c₄)/720 + ...

where the cohomology classes c_i are the Chern classes of E, and lie in the cohomology group H²ⁱ(X). If X is finite dimensional then most terms vanish and td(E) is a polynomial in the Chern classes.

Properties of Todd class

The Todd class is multiplicative: $T{d}^{*}(E\oplus F)=T{d}^{*}(E)\cdot T{d}^{*}(F)$

From the Euler exact sequence for the tangent bundle of $\mathbb{ℂ}{P}^n$

$0\to \mathcal{𝒪}\to \mathcal{𝒪}(1{)}^{n+1}\to T\mathbb{ℂ}{P}^n\to 0$

and multiplicativity, one obtains

$T{d}^{*}(T\mathbb{ℂ}{P}^n)=(\xi /(1-e^{-\xi }){)}^{n+1},$

where $\xi \in H^2(\mathbb{ℂ}{P}^n)$ is the fundamental class of the hyperplane section.

Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. For any coherent sheaf F on a smooth projective complex manifold M, one has

$\chi (F)=\underset{M}{\int }C{h}^{*}(F)\wedge T{d}^{*}(TM),$

where $\chi (F)$ is its holomorphic Euler characteristic,

$\chi (F):=\sum _{i=0}^{di{m}_{\mathbb{ℂ}}M}(-1{)}^{i}di{m}_{\mathbb{ℂ}}{H}^i(F),$

and Ch^*(F) its Chern character.

See also

Genus of a multiplicative sequence

References

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• F. Hirzebruch, Topological methods in algebraic geometry, Springer (1978)
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