Inside–outside algorithm

Template:Distinguish2 In mathematics, especially in set theory, two ordered sets X,Y are said to have the same order type just when they are order isomorphic, that is, when there exists a bijection (each element matches exactly one in the other set) f: X → Y such that both f and its inverse are strictly increasing (order preserving) (the matching elements are also in the correct order). (In the special case when X is totally ordered, monotonicity of f implies monotonicity of its inverse.)

For example, the set of integers and the set of even integers have the same order type, because the mapping $n\mapsto 2n$ preserves the order. But the set of integers and the set of rational numbers (with the standard ordering) are not order isomorphic, because, even though the sets are of the same size (they are both countably infinite), there is no order-preserving bijective mapping between them. To these two order types we may add two more: the set of positive integers (which has a least element), and that of negative integers (which has a greatest element). The open interval (0,1) of rationals is order isomorphic to the rationals (since

$y=\frac{2x-1}{1-\left|2x-1\right|}$

provides a strictly increasing bijection from the former to the latter); the half-closed intervals [0,1) and (0,1], and the closed interval [0,1], are three additional order type examples.

Since order-equivalence is an equivalence relation, it partitions the class of all ordered sets into equivalence classes.

Order type of well-orderings

Every well-ordered set is order-equivalent to exactly one ordinal number. The ordinal numbers are taken to be the canonical representatives of their classes, and so the order type of a well-ordered set is usually identified with the corresponding ordinal. For example, the order type of the natural numbers is ω.

The order type of a well-ordered set V is sometimes expressed as ord(V).

For example, consider the set of even ordinals less than ω·2+7, which is:

V = {0, 2, 4, 6, ...; ω, ω+2, ω+4, ...; ω·2, ω·2+2, ω·2+4, ω·2+6}.

Its order type is:

ord(V) = ω·2+4 = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...; ω, ω+1, ω+2, ...; ω·2, ω·2+1, ω·2+2, ω·2+3}.

Because there are 2 separate lists of counting and 4 in sequence at the end.

Rational numbers

Any countable totally ordered set can be mapped injectively into the rational numbers in an order-preserving way. Any dense countable totally ordered set with no highest and no lowest element can be mapped bijectively onto the rational numbers in an order-preserving way.

Notation

The order type of the rationals is usually denoted $\eta$. If a set S has order type $\sigma$, the order type of the dual of S (the reversed order) is denoted ${\sigma }^{*}$.

See also

• Well-order

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