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{{unsolved|computer science|Is the graph isomorphism problem in P, or NP-complete, or neither?}} | |||
The '''graph isomorphism problem''' is the [[computational problem]] of determining whether two finite [[graph (mathematics)|graph]]s are [[graph isomorphism|isomorphic]]. | |||
Besides its practical importance, the graph isomorphism problem is a curiosity in [[computational complexity theory]] as it is one of a very small number of problems belonging to [[NP (complexity)|NP]] neither known to be solvable in [[polynomial time]] nor [[NP-complete]]: it is one of only 12 such problems listed by {{harvtxt|Garey|Johnson|1979}}, and one of only two of that list whose complexity remains unresolved (the other being [[integer factorization]]).<ref>The latest one resolved was [[minimum-weight triangulation]], proved to be NP-complete in 2006. {{citation|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Mulzer|first2=Günter|last2=Rote|title=Minimum-weight triangulation is NP-hard|journal=Journal of the ACM|volume=55|issue=2|doi=10.1145/1346330.1346336|year=2008|pages=1|arxiv=cs.CG/0601002}}.</ref> {{As of|2008}} the best algorithm (Luks, 1983) has run time 2<sup>O(√(''n'' log ''n''))</sup> for graphs with ''n'' vertices.<ref name="Johnson 2005">{{harvnb|Johnson|2005}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Babai|Codenotti|2008}}.</ref> | |||
It is known that the graph isomorphism problem is in the [[low hierarchy]] of [[class NP]], which implies that it is not NP-complete unless the [[polynomial time hierarchy]] collapses to its second level.<ref>[[Uwe Schöning]], "Graph isomorphism is in the low hierarchy", Proceedings of the 4th Annual [[Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science]], 1987, 114–124; also: ''Journal of Computer and System Sciences'', vol. 37 (1988), 312–323</ref> | |||
At the same time, isomorphism for many special classes of graphs can be solved in polynomial time, and in practice graph isomorphism can often be solved efficiently.<ref>{{harvnb|McKay|1981}}</ref> | |||
== | This problem is a special case of the [[subgraph isomorphism problem]],<ref>{{harvtxt|Ullman|1976}}.</ref> which is known to be [[NP-complete]]. It is also known to be a special case of the [[Abelian group|non-abelian]] [[hidden subgroup problem]] over the [[symmetric group]].<ref>{{cite arxiv|eprint=quant-ph/0501056v3|author1=[[Cris Moore|Cristopher Moore]]|author2=Alexander Russell|last3=Schulman | first3=Leonard J.|title=The Symmetric Group Defies Strong Fourier Sampling: Part I|class=quant-ph|year=2005}}</ref> | ||
==State of the art== | |||
The best current theoretical algorithm is due to [[Eugene Luks]] (1983), and is based on the earlier work by Luks (1981), Babai & Luks (1982), combined with a ''subfactorial'' algorithm due to Zemlyachenko (1982). The algorithm relies on the [[classification of finite simple groups]]. Without CFSG, a slightly weaker bound | |||
2<sup>O(√''n'' log<sup>2</sup> ''n'')</sup> was obtained first for [[strongly regular graph]]s by [[László Babai]] (1980), and then extended to general graphs by Babai & Luks (1982). Improvement of the exponent √''n'' is a major open problem; for strongly regular graphs this was done by {{Harvtxt|Spielman|1996}}. For [[hypergraph]]s of bounded rank, a [[Sub-exponential time|subexponential]] upper bound matching the case of graphs, was recently obtained by {{Harvtxt|Babai|Codenotti|2008}}. | |||
On a side note, the graph isomorphism problem is computationally equivalent to the problem of computing the [[automorphism group]] of a graph, and is weaker than the [[permutation group]] isomorphism problem, and the permutation group intersection problem. For the latter two problems, Babai, Kantor and Luks (1983) obtained complexity bounds similar to that for the graph isomorphism.<ref>László Babai, [[William Kantor]], Eugene Luks, [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1382437.1382817 Computational complexity and the classification of finite simple groups], Proc. 24th FOCS (1983), pp. 162-171.</ref> | |||
There are several competing practical algorithms for graph isomorphism, due to {{harvtxt|McKay|1981}}, {{harvtxt|Schmidt|Druffel|1976}}, {{harvtxt|Ullman|1976}}, etc. While they seem to perform well on [[random graphs]], a major drawback of these algorithms is their exponential time performance in the [[Best, worst and average case|worst case]].<ref>P. Foggia, C.Sansone, M. Vento, [http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~vkk06001/GraphIsomorphism/Papers/VF_SD_NAUTY_Ullman_Experiments.pdf A Performance Comparison of Five Algorithms for Graph Isomorphism], Proc. 3rd IAPR-TC15 Workshop Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition, 2001, pp. 188-199.</ref> | |||
==Solved special cases== | |||
A number of important special cases of the graph isomorphism problem have efficient, polynomial-time solutions: | |||
* [[Tree (graph theory)|Tree]]s<ref>P.J. Kelly, "A congruence theorem for trees" Pacific J. Math., 7 (1957) pp. 961–968; {{harvnb|Aho|Hopcroft|Ullman|1974}}.</ref> | |||
* [[Planar graph]]s<ref>{{harvnb|Hopcroft|Wong|1974}}</ref> (In fact, planar graph isomorphism is in [[L (complexity)|log space]],<ref>{{cite doi|10.1109/CCC.2009.16}}</ref> a class contained in [[P (complexity)|P]].) | |||
* [[Interval graph]]s<ref>{{harvnb|Booth|Lueker|1979}}</ref> | |||
* [[Permutation graph]]s<ref>{{harvnb|Colbourn|1981}}</ref> | |||
* [[Partial k-tree|Partial ''k''-trees]]<ref>{{harvnb|Bodlaender|1990}}</ref> | |||
*Bounded-parameter graphs | |||
** Graphs of bounded [[genus (mathematics)|genus]]<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1980}}; {{harvnb|Filotti|Mayer|1980}}.</ref> (Note: planar graphs are graphs of genus 0) | |||
** Graphs of bounded [[degree (graph theory)|degree]]<ref>{{harvnb|Luks|1982}}</ref> | |||
** Graphs with bounded [[eigenvalue]] multiplicity<ref>{{harvnb|Babai|Grigoryev|Mount|1982}}</ref> | |||
** ''k''-Contractible graphs (a generalization of bounded degree and bounded genus)<ref>[[Gary L. Miller (mathematician)|Gary L. Miller]]: Isomorphism Testing and Canonical Forms for ''k''-Contractable Graphs (A Generalization of Bounded Valence and Bounded Genus). Proc. Int. Conf. on Foundations of Computer Theory, 1983, pp. 310–327 (''[[Lecture Notes in Computer Science]]'', vol. 158, full paper in: ''[[Information and Control]]'', 56(1–2):1–20, 1983.)</ref> | |||
**Color-preserving isomorphism of [[colored graph]]s with bounded color multiplicity (i.e., at most ''k'' vertices have the same color for a fixed ''k'') is in class [[NC (complexity)|NC]], which is a subclass of [[P (complexity)|P]].<ref>[[Eugene Luks]], "[[Parallel algorithm]]s for [[permutation group]]s and graph isomorphism", Proc. IEEE Symp. Foundations of Computer Science, 1986, 292-302</ref> | |||
== Complexity class GI ==<!-- [[GI]] links and [[GI (complexity)]] redirects to this section --> | |||
Since the graph isomorphism problem is neither known to be NP-complete nor to be tractable, researchers have sought to gain insight into the problem by defining a new class '''GI''', the set of problems with a [[polynomial-time Turing reduction]] to the graph isomorphism problem.<ref>{{harvnb|Booth|Colbourn|1977}}; {{harvnb|Köbler|Schöning|Torán|1993}}</ref> If in fact the graph isomorphism problem is solvable in polynomial time, '''GI''' would equal '''[[P (complexity)|P]]'''. | |||
As is common for [[complexity class]]es within the [[polynomial time hierarchy]], a problem is called '''GI-hard''' if there is a [[polynomial-time Turing reduction]] from any problem in '''GI''' to that problem, i.e., a polynomial-time solution to a GI-hard problem would yield a polynomial-time solution to the graph isomorphism problem (and so all problems in '''GI'''). A problem <math>X</math> is called [[complete (complexity)|complete]] for '''GI''', or '''GI-complete''', if it is both GI-hard and a polynomial-time solution to the GI problem would yield a polynomial-time solution to <math>X</math>. | |||
The graph isomorphism problem is contained in both '''NP''' and co-'''[[AM (complexity)|AM]]'''. GI is contained in and [[low (complexity)|low]] for [[Parity P]], as well as contained in the potentially much smaller class [http://qwiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Complexity_Zoo:S#spp SPP].<ref>{{harvnb|Köbler|Schöning|Torán|1992}}; {{harvnb|Arvind|Kurur|2006}}</ref> That it lies in Parity P means that the graph isomorphism problem is no harder than determining whether a polynomial-time [[nondeterministic Turing machine]] has an even or odd number of accepting paths. GI is also contained in and low for [[ZPP (complexity)|ZPP]]<sup>NP</sup>.<ref>{{harvnb|Arvind|Köbler|2000}}</ref> This essentially means that an efficient [[Las Vegas algorithm]] with access to an NP [[oracle machine|oracle]] can solve graph isomorphism so easily that it gains no power from being given the ability to do so in constant time. | |||
===GI-complete and GI-hard problems=== | |||
====Isomorphism of other objects==== | |||
There are a number of classes of mathematical objects for which the problem of isomorphism is a GI-complete problem. A number of them are graphs endowed with additional properties or restrictions:<ref name=zkt>{{harvnb|Zemlyachenko|Korneenko|Tyshkevich|1985}}</ref> | |||
*[[Directed graph|digraphs]]<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[labelled graph]]s, with the proviso that an isomorphism is not required to preserve the labels,<ref name=zkt/> but only the [[equivalence relation]] consisting of pairs of vertices with the same label | |||
*"polarized graphs" (made of a [[complete graph]] K<sub>m</sub> and an [[empty graph]] K<sub>n</sub> plus some edges connecting the two; their isomorphism must preserve the partition)<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*2-[[colored graph]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*explicitly given finite [[structure (mathematical logic)|structure]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[multigraph]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[hypergraph]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[finite automata]]<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[Markov decision process|Markov Decision Processes]]<ref>[http://www.cse.iitm.ac.in/~ravi/papers/Shravan-ICML08.pdf "On the hardness of finding symmetries in Markov decision processes", by SM Narayanamurthy, B Ravindran], Proceedings of the Twenty Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2008), pp. 688–696.</ref> | |||
*[[commutative]] class 3 [[nilpotent]] (i.e., ''xyz'' = 0 for every elements ''x'', ''y'', ''z'') [[semigroup]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*finite rank [[associative]] [[Algebra over a field|algebras]] over a fixed algebraically closed field with zero squared radical and commutative factor over the radical<!-- whoah --><ref name=zkt/><ref>[[Dima Grigoriev|D.Yu.Grigor'ev]], "Complexity of “wild” matrix problems and of isomorphism of algebras and graphs", ''[[Journal of Mathematical Sciences]]'', Volume 22, Number 3, 1983, pp. 1285–1289, {{doi|10.1007/BF01084390}} (translation of a 1981 Russian language article)</ref> | |||
*[[context-free grammar]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[balanced incomplete block design]]s<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*Recognizing [[combinatorial isomorphism]] of [[convex polytope]]s represented by vertex-facet incidences.<ref name="Johnson 2005"/><ref name=kaibel>Volker Kaibel, Alexander Schwartz, [http://eprintweb.org/S/authors/All/ka/Kaibel/16 "On the Complexity of Polytope Isomorphism Problems"], ''Graphs and Combinatorics'', 19 (2):215 —230, 2003.</ref> | |||
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}} | |||
====GI-complete classes of graphs==== | |||
A class of graphs is called GI-complete if recognition of isomorphism for graphs from this subclass is a GI-complete problem. The following classes are GI-complete:<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[connected graph]]s<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*graphs of [[diameter (graph theory)|diameter]] 2 and [[radius (graph theory)|radius]] 1<ref name=zkt/> | |||
*[[directed acyclic graph]]s<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*[[regular graph]]s.<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*[[bipartite graph]]s without non-trivial [[strongly regular graph|strongly regular subgraphs]]<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*bipartite [[Eulerian graph]]s<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*bipartite regular graphs<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*[[line graph]]s<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*[[chordal graph]]s<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*regular [[self-complementary graph]]s<ref name=zkt/><!-- better to be replaced by original ref--> | |||
*[[polytopal graph]]s of general, [[simple polytope|simple]], and [[simplicial polytope|simplicial]] [[convex polytope]]s in arbitrary dimensions<ref name=kaibel/> | |||
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}} | |||
Many classes of digraphs are also GI-complete. | |||
====Other GI-complete problems==== | |||
There are other nontrivial GI-complete problems in addition to isomorphism problems. | |||
*The recognition of self-complementarity of a graph or digraph.<ref>Colbourn M.J., [[Charles Colbourn|Colbourn Ch.J.]] "Graph isomorphism and self-complementary graphs", ''[[SIGACT News]]'', 1978, vol. 10, no. 1, 25–29.</ref> | |||
*A [[clique problem]] for a class of so-called ''M''-graphs. It is shown that finding an isomorphism for ''n''-vertex graphs is equivalent to finding an ''n''-clique in an ''M''-graph of size ''n''<sup>2</sup>. This fact is interesting because the problem of finding an (''n'' − ''ε'')-clique in a ''M''-graph of size ''n''<sup>2</sup> is NP-complete for arbitrarily small positive ε.<ref>{{harvnb|Kozen|1978}}.</ref> | |||
*The problem of homeomorphism of 2-complexes.<ref>[[John Shawe-Taylor|J. Shawe-Taylor]], T.Pisanski, "Homeomorphism of 2-Complexes is Graph Isomorphism Complete", ''[[SIAM Journal on Computing]],'' 23 (1994) 120 – 132 | |||
.</ref> | |||
====GI-hard problems==== | |||
*The problem of counting the number of isomorphisms between two graphs is polynomial-time equivalent to the problem of telling whether even one exists.<ref>R. Mathon, "A note on the graph isomorphism counting problem", ''[[Information Processing Letters]],'' 8 (1979) pp. 131–132; {{harvnb|Johnson|2005}}.</ref> | |||
*The problem of deciding whether two [[convex polytope]]s given by either the [[V-description]] or [[H-description]] are projectively or affinely isomorphic. The latter means existence of a projective or affine map between the spaces that contain the two polytopes (not necessarily of the same dimension) which induces a bijection between the polytopes.<ref name=kaibel/> | |||
==Program checking== | |||
[[Manuel Blum|Blum]] and Kannan<ref>[ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/kannan/jacm.ps.gz Designing Programs that Check their Work]</ref> have shown a program checker for graph isomorphism. Suppose ''P'' is a claimed polynomial-time procedure that checks if two graphs are isomorphic, but it is not trusted. To check if ''G'' and ''H'' are isomorphic: | |||
* Ask ''P'' whether ''G'' and ''H'' are isomorphic. | |||
** If the answer is "yes': | |||
*** Attempt to construct an isomorphism using ''P'' as subroutine. Mark a vertex ''u'' in ''G'' and ''v'' in ''H'', and modify the graphs to make them distinctive (with a small local change). Ask ''P'' if the modified graphs are isomorphic. If no, change ''v'' to a different vertex. Continue searching. | |||
*** Either the isomorphism will be found (and can be verified), or ''P'' will contradict itself. | |||
** If the answer is "no": | |||
*** Perform the following 100 times. Choose randomly ''G'' or ''H'', and randomly permute its vertices. Ask ''P'' if the graph is isomorphic to ''G'' and ''H''. (As in [[AM (complexity)|AM]] protocol for graph nonisomorphism). | |||
*** If any of the tests are failed, judge ''P'' as invalid program. Otherwise, answer "no". | |||
This procedure is polynomial-time and gives the correct answer if ''P'' is a correct program for graph isomorphism. If ''P'' is not a correct program, but answers correctly on ''G'' and ''H'', the checker will either give the correct answer, or detect invalid behaviour of ''P''. | |||
If ''P'' is not a correct program, and answers incorrectly on ''G'' and ''H'', the checker will detect invalid behaviour of ''P'' with high probability, or answer wrong with probability 2<sup>−100</sup>. | |||
Notably, ''P'' is used only as a blackbox. | |||
== Applications == | |||
In [[cheminformatics]] and in [[mathematical chemistry]], graph isomorphism testing is used to identify a [[chemical compound]] within a [[chemical database]].<ref>Christophe-André Mario Irniger (2005) "Graph Matching: Filtering Databases of Graphs Using Machine Learning", ISBN 1-58603-557-6</ref> Also, in organic mathematical chemistry graph isomorphism testing is useful for generation of [[molecular graph]]s and for [[Combinatorial chemistry|computer synthesis]]. | |||
Chemical database search is an example of graphical [[data mining]], where the [[graph canonization]] approach is often used.<ref>"Mining Graph Data", by Diane J. Cook, Lawrence B. Holder (2007) ISBN 0-470-07303-9, [http://books.google.com/books?id=bHGy0_H0g8QC&pg=PA119&dq=%22canonical+labeling%22+graphs#PPA120,M1 pp. 120–122, section 6.2.1. "Canonical Labeling"]</ref> In particular, a number of [[identifier]]s for [[chemical substance]]s, such as [[SMILES]] and [[InChI]], designed to provide a standard and human-readable way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web, use canonization step in their computation, which is essentially the canonization of the graph which represents the molecule. | |||
In [[electronic design automation]] graph isomorphism is the basis of the [[Layout Versus Schematic]] (LVS) circuit design step, which is a verification whether the [[electric circuit]]s represented by a [[circuit diagram|circuit schematic]] and an [[integrated circuit layout]] are the same.<ref>{{cite conference |title=An artwork design verification system | |||
|author=Baird, HS and Cho, YE | |||
|conference=Proceedings of the 12th Design Automation Conference | |||
|pages=414–420 | |||
|year=1975 | |||
|publisher=IEEE Press | |||
|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=809095 }}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Graph automorphism problem]] | |||
*[[Graph canonization]] | |||
==Notes== | |||
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| pages = 225–235 | |||
| doi = 10.1145/800141.804670 | |||
| isbn = 0-89791-017-6}}. | |||
*{{Citation | |||
| last1=Schmidt | |||
| first1=Douglas C. | |||
| last2=Druffel | |||
| first2=Larry E. | |||
| title=A Fast Backtracking Algorithm to Test Directed Graphs for Isomorphism Using Distance Matrices | |||
| publisher=ACM | |||
| year=1976 | |||
| journal=J. ACM | |||
| issn=0004-5411 | |||
| volume=23 | |||
| issue=3 | |||
| pages=433–445 | |||
| doi=10.1145/321958.321963}}. | |||
*{{Citation | last1=Spielman | first1=Daniel A. | author1-link=Daniel Spielman | title=STOC '96: Proceedings of the twenty-eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing | publisher=ACM | isbn=978-0-89791-785-8 | year=1996 | chapter=Faster isomorphism testing of strongly regular graphs | pages=576–584}}. | |||
*{{citation | |||
| first1 = Julian R. | |||
| last1 = Ullman | |||
| title = An algorithm for subgraph isomorphism | |||
| journal = Journal of the ACM | |||
| volume = 23 | |||
| pages = 31–42 | |||
| year = 1976 | |||
| doi = 10.1145/321921.321925}}. | |||
===Surveys and monographs=== | |||
*{{citation | |||
| last1 = Read | first1 = Ronald C. | |||
| last2 = Corneil | first2 = Derek G. | author2-link = Derek Corneil | |||
| issue = 4 | |||
| journal = Journal of Graph Theory | |||
| mr = 0485586 | |||
| pages = 339–363 | |||
| title = The graph isomorphism disease | |||
| volume = 1 | |||
| year = 1977}}.. | |||
*Gati, G. "Further annotated bibliography on the isomorphism disease." – ''Journal of Graph Theory'' 1979, 3, 95–109. | |||
*{{Citation | |||
| last1 = Zemlyachenko | first1 = V. N. | |||
| last2 = Korneenko | first2 = N. M. | |||
| last3 = Tyshkevich | first3 = R. I. | |||
|authorlink3=Regina Tyshkevich | |||
| title = Graph isomorphism problem | |||
| journal = Journal of Mathematical Sciences | |||
| volume = 29 | |||
| issue = 4 | |||
| pages = 1426–1481 | |||
| doi = 10.1007/BF02104746 | |||
| year = 1985}}. (Translated from ''Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR'' (Records of Seminars of the [[Leningrad Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]), Vol. 118, pp. 83–158, 1982.) | |||
*{{Citation | |||
| first = V. | |||
| last = Arvind | |||
| coauthors = Jacobo Torán | |||
| title = Isomorphism Testing: Perspectives and Open Problems | |||
| url = http://theorie.informatik.uni-ulm.de/Personen/toran/beatcs/column86.pdf | |||
| journal = Bulletin of the [[European Association for Theoretical Computer Science]] | |||
| volume = | |||
| issue = no. 86 | |||
| pages = 66–84 | |||
| doi = | |||
| year = 2005}}. (A brief survey of open questions related to the isomorphism problem for graphs, rings and groups.) | |||
*{{Citation | |||
| first = Johannes | |||
| last = Köbler | |||
| authorlink= Johannes Köbler | |||
| coauthors = [[Uwe Schöning]], [[Jacobo Torán]] | |||
| title = Graph Isomorphism Problem: The Structural Complexity | |||
| publisher = [[:de:Birkhäuser Verlag|Birkhäuser Verlag]] | |||
|isbn= 0-8176-3680-3 | |||
| year = 1993 | |||
| oclc = 246882287}}. (''From the book cover'': The books focuses on the issue of the computational complexity of the problem and presents several recent results that provide a better understanding of the relative position of the problem in the class NP as well as in other complexity classes.) | |||
*{{citation | |||
| first = David S. | |||
| last = Johnson | |||
| authorlink = David S. Johnson | |||
| title = The NP-Completeness Column | |||
| journal = [[ACM Transactions on Algorithms]] | |||
| volume = 1 | |||
| issue = no. 1 | |||
| pages = 160–176 | |||
| doi = 10.1145/1077464.1077476 | |||
| year = 2005}}. (This 24th edition of the Column discusses the state of the art for the open problems from the book ''[[Computers and Intractability]]'' and previous columns, in particular, for Graph Isomorphism.) | |||
*{{Citation | |||
| first = Jacobo | |||
| last = Torán | |||
| coauthors = Fabian Wagner | |||
| title = The Complexity of Planar Graph Isomorphism | |||
| url = http://theorie.informatik.uni-ulm.de/Personen/toran/beatcs/column97.pdf | |||
| journal = Bulletin of the [[European Association for Theoretical Computer Science]] | |||
| volume = | |||
| issue = no. 97 | |||
| pages = | |||
| doi = | |||
| year = 2009}}. | |||
===Software=== | |||
* [http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~algorith/files/graph-isomorphism.shtml Graph Isomorphism], review of implementations, [http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~algorith The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository]. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
[[Category:Graph algorithms]] | |||
[[Category:Morphisms]] | |||
[[Category:Computational problems in graph theory]] | |||
[[Category:Unsolved problems in computer science]] |
Revision as of 18:25, 24 December 2013
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The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic.
Besides its practical importance, the graph isomorphism problem is a curiosity in computational complexity theory as it is one of a very small number of problems belonging to NP neither known to be solvable in polynomial time nor NP-complete: it is one of only 12 such problems listed by Template:Harvtxt, and one of only two of that list whose complexity remains unresolved (the other being integer factorization).[1] Template:As of the best algorithm (Luks, 1983) has run time 2O(√(n log n)) for graphs with n vertices.[2][3]
It is known that the graph isomorphism problem is in the low hierarchy of class NP, which implies that it is not NP-complete unless the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level.[4]
At the same time, isomorphism for many special classes of graphs can be solved in polynomial time, and in practice graph isomorphism can often be solved efficiently.[5]
This problem is a special case of the subgraph isomorphism problem,[6] which is known to be NP-complete. It is also known to be a special case of the non-abelian hidden subgroup problem over the symmetric group.[7]
State of the art
The best current theoretical algorithm is due to Eugene Luks (1983), and is based on the earlier work by Luks (1981), Babai & Luks (1982), combined with a subfactorial algorithm due to Zemlyachenko (1982). The algorithm relies on the classification of finite simple groups. Without CFSG, a slightly weaker bound 2O(√n log2 n) was obtained first for strongly regular graphs by László Babai (1980), and then extended to general graphs by Babai & Luks (1982). Improvement of the exponent √n is a major open problem; for strongly regular graphs this was done by Template:Harvtxt. For hypergraphs of bounded rank, a subexponential upper bound matching the case of graphs, was recently obtained by Template:Harvtxt.
On a side note, the graph isomorphism problem is computationally equivalent to the problem of computing the automorphism group of a graph, and is weaker than the permutation group isomorphism problem, and the permutation group intersection problem. For the latter two problems, Babai, Kantor and Luks (1983) obtained complexity bounds similar to that for the graph isomorphism.[8]
There are several competing practical algorithms for graph isomorphism, due to Template:Harvtxt, Template:Harvtxt, Template:Harvtxt, etc. While they seem to perform well on random graphs, a major drawback of these algorithms is their exponential time performance in the worst case.[9]
Solved special cases
A number of important special cases of the graph isomorphism problem have efficient, polynomial-time solutions:
- Trees[10]
- Planar graphs[11] (In fact, planar graph isomorphism is in log space,[12] a class contained in P.)
- Interval graphs[13]
- Permutation graphs[14]
- Partial k-trees[15]
- Bounded-parameter graphs
- Graphs of bounded genus[16] (Note: planar graphs are graphs of genus 0)
- Graphs of bounded degree[17]
- Graphs with bounded eigenvalue multiplicity[18]
- k-Contractible graphs (a generalization of bounded degree and bounded genus)[19]
- Color-preserving isomorphism of colored graphs with bounded color multiplicity (i.e., at most k vertices have the same color for a fixed k) is in class NC, which is a subclass of P.[20]
Complexity class GI
Since the graph isomorphism problem is neither known to be NP-complete nor to be tractable, researchers have sought to gain insight into the problem by defining a new class GI, the set of problems with a polynomial-time Turing reduction to the graph isomorphism problem.[21] If in fact the graph isomorphism problem is solvable in polynomial time, GI would equal P.
As is common for complexity classes within the polynomial time hierarchy, a problem is called GI-hard if there is a polynomial-time Turing reduction from any problem in GI to that problem, i.e., a polynomial-time solution to a GI-hard problem would yield a polynomial-time solution to the graph isomorphism problem (and so all problems in GI). A problem is called complete for GI, or GI-complete, if it is both GI-hard and a polynomial-time solution to the GI problem would yield a polynomial-time solution to .
The graph isomorphism problem is contained in both NP and co-AM. GI is contained in and low for Parity P, as well as contained in the potentially much smaller class SPP.[22] That it lies in Parity P means that the graph isomorphism problem is no harder than determining whether a polynomial-time nondeterministic Turing machine has an even or odd number of accepting paths. GI is also contained in and low for ZPPNP.[23] This essentially means that an efficient Las Vegas algorithm with access to an NP oracle can solve graph isomorphism so easily that it gains no power from being given the ability to do so in constant time.
GI-complete and GI-hard problems
Isomorphism of other objects
There are a number of classes of mathematical objects for which the problem of isomorphism is a GI-complete problem. A number of them are graphs endowed with additional properties or restrictions:[24]
- digraphs[24]
- labelled graphs, with the proviso that an isomorphism is not required to preserve the labels,[24] but only the equivalence relation consisting of pairs of vertices with the same label
- "polarized graphs" (made of a complete graph Km and an empty graph Kn plus some edges connecting the two; their isomorphism must preserve the partition)[24]
- 2-colored graphs[24]
- explicitly given finite structures[24]
- multigraphs[24]
- hypergraphs[24]
- finite automata[24]
- Markov Decision Processes[25]
- commutative class 3 nilpotent (i.e., xyz = 0 for every elements x, y, z) semigroups[24]
- finite rank associative algebras over a fixed algebraically closed field with zero squared radical and commutative factor over the radical[24][26]
- context-free grammars[24]
- balanced incomplete block designs[24]
- Recognizing combinatorial isomorphism of convex polytopes represented by vertex-facet incidences.[2][27]
Earlier than you decide whether or not chrome steel cookware is value buying, lets first focus on what chrome steel cookware is. Chrome steel is manufactured from an alloy, or a mix of metals. Mostly, primary iron with chromium, nickel or another minor metals. The chromium supplies rust safety and gives your cookware durability. The nickel supplies rust safety as properly, and adds a polished look. Most nicely made chrome steel cookware has copper or aluminum added to the bottom of the pan or pot. That is completed to increases the power of the pot or pan to conduct warmth.
The most effective chrome steel cookware is the primary category, but nonetheless it's divided into a number of subcategories based mostly on the quality and the price range. It may be complicated to choose the most effective stainless steel cookware out of the classes that can meet your necessities. That is where we took a step forward to clarify you all the information that will likely be useful so that you can know how to decide on the most effective chrome steel cookware. The perfect stainless-steel cookware set is manufactured from cheap to costly and high quality constructed pots and pans.
You will discover magnetic stainless steel in the layer on the skin of some high quality items of stainless-steel. This is to make it compatible with induction stovetops, which contain the use of a rapidly charging electromagnetic area to warmth cookware. Excessive-high quality stainless-steel, like All-Clad , uses three layers of metal—the austenite layer of steel on the inside, ferrite metal on the outside, and a layer of aluminum sandwiched between the 2 for optimal warmth conductivity (metal alone doesn't conduct heat evenly). Lesser-quality chrome steel is usually only one layer of austenitic chrome steel.
Aesthetically talking, stainless-steel is a smart alternative if you happen to prefer to show or hold pots or pans. The clear, crisp look of all stainless-steel kitchenware can transform a mishmash of cookware into a classy décor statement. Stainless steel kettles, such as the Cuisinart Tea Kettle will combine particular person kitchenware right into a cohesive and pleasant entity. Think about purchasing stainless-steel utensils as well. Already acquired a gorgeous stainless steel cookware assortment? The Cuisinart Chef’s Assortment stainless pot rack could be the final touch for a kitchen, liberating up area and making those pots and pans readily accessible. Get the chrome steel cookware of your culinary desires at Macy’s!
Exhausting-anodized aluminum cookware is one of the hottest varieties of material, regardless that many individuals do not quite perceive the development. Hard-anodized aluminum is obvious aluminum that has been processed in a series of chemical baths charged with an electrical present. The result's a fabric that has the identical superior warmth conductivity as aluminum however is non-reactive with acidic foods, resembling tomatoes, and twice as onerous as chrome steel. Two drawbacks to laborious-anodized cookware are that it's not dishwasher-protected and, as a result of it isn't magnetic, it is not going to work with induction vary tops.
The enamel over steel technique creates a chunk that has the warmth distribution of carbon steel and a non-reactive, low-stick surface. Such pots are a lot lighter than most other pots of comparable size, are cheaper to make than chrome steel pots, and should not have the rust and reactivity problems with cast iron or carbon metal. citation wanted Enamel over steel is right for large stockpots and for different giant pans used principally for water-based cooking. Due to its mild weight and straightforward cleanup, enamel over steel is also in style for cookware used while camping. Clad aluminium or copper edit
Unique specialty cookware pieces served a la carte to compliment any cookware set are constructed of a sturdy Stainless Metal with a brushed exterior end. Designed with an impression bonded, aluminum disk encapsulated base which distributes heat rapidly and evenly to permit exact temperature management. Handles are riveted for sturdiness and efficiency. The New Specialty Cookware is compatible for all range varieties together with induction. Along with the multi use perform, another unique function is backside to top interior volume markings in both quarts and metric measurement; and every bit comes with a tempered glass lid, oven safe to 350°F.
Whether or not you are a cooking enthusiasts, a professional chef or simply cooking for your family you already know the importance of getting a totally stocked kitchen. Not solely do you need the right ingredients, but you also need the fitting instruments to get the job done. In any sort of fundamental cooking coaching lesson, you will study that chrome steel is your new greatest buddy relating to kitchen cookware. What you will also learn is that quality cooking gear does not normally come at a discounted value. When you loved this information and you would like to receive details with regards to best stainless steel cookware i implore you to visit our own page. For this reason, it is important to take good care of your cookware! Listed here are some basics for chrome steel care.
To fight the uneven heating drawback, most stainless steel pans are laminations of aluminum or copper on the underside to spread the heat around, and stainless-steel inside the pan to provide a cooking floor that is impervious to no matter you would possibly put inside. In my experience, this chrome steel floor remains to be too sticky to fry on, and for those who ever burn it you get a permanent bother spot. But, typically a chrome steel cooking surface comes in handy when you may't use aluminum (see beneath) so I preserve some around. Select something with a fairly thick aluminum layer on the underside.
Nicely, unless you’re a metals skilled and go examine the manufacturing unit where the steel is made to see whether or not their manufacturing process creates a pure austenite without corrosive materials shaped, you’re not going to know for certain whether or not or not the craftsmanship of your stainless is of the very best high quality. I feel your best wager is to simply buy high-high quality stainless-steel from the beginning, from a model with a reputation for good quality. But, I believe I've found out a method that you can decide if the stainless cookware you have already got is potentially reactive.
GI-complete classes of graphs
A class of graphs is called GI-complete if recognition of isomorphism for graphs from this subclass is a GI-complete problem. The following classes are GI-complete:[24]
- connected graphs[24]
- graphs of diameter 2 and radius 1[24]
- directed acyclic graphs[24]
- regular graphs.[24]
- bipartite graphs without non-trivial strongly regular subgraphs[24]
- bipartite Eulerian graphs[24]
- bipartite regular graphs[24]
- line graphs[24]
- chordal graphs[24]
- regular self-complementary graphs[24]
- polytopal graphs of general, simple, and simplicial convex polytopes in arbitrary dimensions[27]
Earlier than you decide whether or not chrome steel cookware is value buying, lets first focus on what chrome steel cookware is. Chrome steel is manufactured from an alloy, or a mix of metals. Mostly, primary iron with chromium, nickel or another minor metals. The chromium supplies rust safety and gives your cookware durability. The nickel supplies rust safety as properly, and adds a polished look. Most nicely made chrome steel cookware has copper or aluminum added to the bottom of the pan or pot. That is completed to increases the power of the pot or pan to conduct warmth.
The most effective chrome steel cookware is the primary category, but nonetheless it's divided into a number of subcategories based mostly on the quality and the price range. It may be complicated to choose the most effective stainless steel cookware out of the classes that can meet your necessities. That is where we took a step forward to clarify you all the information that will likely be useful so that you can know how to decide on the most effective chrome steel cookware. The perfect stainless-steel cookware set is manufactured from cheap to costly and high quality constructed pots and pans.
You will discover magnetic stainless steel in the layer on the skin of some high quality items of stainless-steel. This is to make it compatible with induction stovetops, which contain the use of a rapidly charging electromagnetic area to warmth cookware. Excessive-high quality stainless-steel, like All-Clad , uses three layers of metal—the austenite layer of steel on the inside, ferrite metal on the outside, and a layer of aluminum sandwiched between the 2 for optimal warmth conductivity (metal alone doesn't conduct heat evenly). Lesser-quality chrome steel is usually only one layer of austenitic chrome steel.
Aesthetically talking, stainless-steel is a smart alternative if you happen to prefer to show or hold pots or pans. The clear, crisp look of all stainless-steel kitchenware can transform a mishmash of cookware into a classy décor statement. Stainless steel kettles, such as the Cuisinart Tea Kettle will combine particular person kitchenware right into a cohesive and pleasant entity. Think about purchasing stainless-steel utensils as well. Already acquired a gorgeous stainless steel cookware assortment? The Cuisinart Chef’s Assortment stainless pot rack could be the final touch for a kitchen, liberating up area and making those pots and pans readily accessible. Get the chrome steel cookware of your culinary desires at Macy’s!
Exhausting-anodized aluminum cookware is one of the hottest varieties of material, regardless that many individuals do not quite perceive the development. Hard-anodized aluminum is obvious aluminum that has been processed in a series of chemical baths charged with an electrical present. The result's a fabric that has the identical superior warmth conductivity as aluminum however is non-reactive with acidic foods, resembling tomatoes, and twice as onerous as chrome steel. Two drawbacks to laborious-anodized cookware are that it's not dishwasher-protected and, as a result of it isn't magnetic, it is not going to work with induction vary tops.
The enamel over steel technique creates a chunk that has the warmth distribution of carbon steel and a non-reactive, low-stick surface. Such pots are a lot lighter than most other pots of comparable size, are cheaper to make than chrome steel pots, and should not have the rust and reactivity problems with cast iron or carbon metal. citation wanted Enamel over steel is right for large stockpots and for different giant pans used principally for water-based cooking. Due to its mild weight and straightforward cleanup, enamel over steel is also in style for cookware used while camping. Clad aluminium or copper edit
Unique specialty cookware pieces served a la carte to compliment any cookware set are constructed of a sturdy Stainless Metal with a brushed exterior end. Designed with an impression bonded, aluminum disk encapsulated base which distributes heat rapidly and evenly to permit exact temperature management. Handles are riveted for sturdiness and efficiency. The New Specialty Cookware is compatible for all range varieties together with induction. Along with the multi use perform, another unique function is backside to top interior volume markings in both quarts and metric measurement; and every bit comes with a tempered glass lid, oven safe to 350°F.
Whether or not you are a cooking enthusiasts, a professional chef or simply cooking for your family you already know the importance of getting a totally stocked kitchen. Not solely do you need the right ingredients, but you also need the fitting instruments to get the job done. In any sort of fundamental cooking coaching lesson, you will study that chrome steel is your new greatest buddy relating to kitchen cookware. What you will also learn is that quality cooking gear does not normally come at a discounted value. When you loved this information and you would like to receive details with regards to best stainless steel cookware i implore you to visit our own page. For this reason, it is important to take good care of your cookware! Listed here are some basics for chrome steel care.
To fight the uneven heating drawback, most stainless steel pans are laminations of aluminum or copper on the underside to spread the heat around, and stainless-steel inside the pan to provide a cooking floor that is impervious to no matter you would possibly put inside. In my experience, this chrome steel floor remains to be too sticky to fry on, and for those who ever burn it you get a permanent bother spot. But, typically a chrome steel cooking surface comes in handy when you may't use aluminum (see beneath) so I preserve some around. Select something with a fairly thick aluminum layer on the underside.
Nicely, unless you’re a metals skilled and go examine the manufacturing unit where the steel is made to see whether or not their manufacturing process creates a pure austenite without corrosive materials shaped, you’re not going to know for certain whether or not or not the craftsmanship of your stainless is of the very best high quality. I feel your best wager is to simply buy high-high quality stainless-steel from the beginning, from a model with a reputation for good quality. But, I believe I've found out a method that you can decide if the stainless cookware you have already got is potentially reactive.
Many classes of digraphs are also GI-complete.
Other GI-complete problems
There are other nontrivial GI-complete problems in addition to isomorphism problems.
- The recognition of self-complementarity of a graph or digraph.[28]
- A clique problem for a class of so-called M-graphs. It is shown that finding an isomorphism for n-vertex graphs is equivalent to finding an n-clique in an M-graph of size n2. This fact is interesting because the problem of finding an (n − ε)-clique in a M-graph of size n2 is NP-complete for arbitrarily small positive ε.[29]
- The problem of homeomorphism of 2-complexes.[30]
GI-hard problems
- The problem of counting the number of isomorphisms between two graphs is polynomial-time equivalent to the problem of telling whether even one exists.[31]
- The problem of deciding whether two convex polytopes given by either the V-description or H-description are projectively or affinely isomorphic. The latter means existence of a projective or affine map between the spaces that contain the two polytopes (not necessarily of the same dimension) which induces a bijection between the polytopes.[27]
Program checking
Blum and Kannan[32] have shown a program checker for graph isomorphism. Suppose P is a claimed polynomial-time procedure that checks if two graphs are isomorphic, but it is not trusted. To check if G and H are isomorphic:
- Ask P whether G and H are isomorphic.
- If the answer is "yes':
- Attempt to construct an isomorphism using P as subroutine. Mark a vertex u in G and v in H, and modify the graphs to make them distinctive (with a small local change). Ask P if the modified graphs are isomorphic. If no, change v to a different vertex. Continue searching.
- Either the isomorphism will be found (and can be verified), or P will contradict itself.
- If the answer is "no":
- Perform the following 100 times. Choose randomly G or H, and randomly permute its vertices. Ask P if the graph is isomorphic to G and H. (As in AM protocol for graph nonisomorphism).
- If any of the tests are failed, judge P as invalid program. Otherwise, answer "no".
- If the answer is "yes':
This procedure is polynomial-time and gives the correct answer if P is a correct program for graph isomorphism. If P is not a correct program, but answers correctly on G and H, the checker will either give the correct answer, or detect invalid behaviour of P. If P is not a correct program, and answers incorrectly on G and H, the checker will detect invalid behaviour of P with high probability, or answer wrong with probability 2−100.
Notably, P is used only as a blackbox.
Applications
In cheminformatics and in mathematical chemistry, graph isomorphism testing is used to identify a chemical compound within a chemical database.[33] Also, in organic mathematical chemistry graph isomorphism testing is useful for generation of molecular graphs and for computer synthesis.
Chemical database search is an example of graphical data mining, where the graph canonization approach is often used.[34] In particular, a number of identifiers for chemical substances, such as SMILES and InChI, designed to provide a standard and human-readable way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web, use canonization step in their computation, which is essentially the canonization of the graph which represents the molecule.
In electronic design automation graph isomorphism is the basis of the Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) circuit design step, which is a verification whether the electric circuits represented by a circuit schematic and an integrated circuit layout are the same.[35]
See also
Notes
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References
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To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
Surveys and monographs
- Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.. - Gati, G. "Further annotated bibliography on the isomorphism disease." – Journal of Graph Theory 1979, 3, 95–109.
- Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. (Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR (Records of Seminars of the Leningrad Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences), Vol. 118, pp. 83–158, 1982.) - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. (A brief survey of open questions related to the isomorphism problem for graphs, rings and groups.) - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. (From the book cover: The books focuses on the issue of the computational complexity of the problem and presents several recent results that provide a better understanding of the relative position of the problem in the class NP as well as in other complexity classes.) - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. (This 24th edition of the Column discusses the state of the art for the open problems from the book Computers and Intractability and previous columns, in particular, for Graph Isomorphism.) - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
Software
- Graph Isomorphism, review of implementations, The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository.
- ↑ The latest one resolved was minimum-weight triangulation, proved to be NP-complete in 2006. Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvtxt.
- ↑ Uwe Schöning, "Graph isomorphism is in the low hierarchy", Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, 1987, 114–124; also: Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol. 37 (1988), 312–323
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvtxt.
- ↑ Template:Cite arxiv
- ↑ László Babai, William Kantor, Eugene Luks, Computational complexity and the classification of finite simple groups, Proc. 24th FOCS (1983), pp. 162-171.
- ↑ P. Foggia, C.Sansone, M. Vento, A Performance Comparison of Five Algorithms for Graph Isomorphism, Proc. 3rd IAPR-TC15 Workshop Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition, 2001, pp. 188-199.
- ↑ P.J. Kelly, "A congruence theorem for trees" Pacific J. Math., 7 (1957) pp. 961–968; Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Cite doi
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Gary L. Miller: Isomorphism Testing and Canonical Forms for k-Contractable Graphs (A Generalization of Bounded Valence and Bounded Genus). Proc. Int. Conf. on Foundations of Computer Theory, 1983, pp. 310–327 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 158, full paper in: Information and Control, 56(1–2):1–20, 1983.)
- ↑ Eugene Luks, "Parallel algorithms for permutation groups and graph isomorphism", Proc. IEEE Symp. Foundations of Computer Science, 1986, 292-302
- ↑ Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 Template:Harvnb
- ↑ "On the hardness of finding symmetries in Markov decision processes", by SM Narayanamurthy, B Ravindran, Proceedings of the Twenty Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2008), pp. 688–696.
- ↑ D.Yu.Grigor'ev, "Complexity of “wild” matrix problems and of isomorphism of algebras and graphs", Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Volume 22, Number 3, 1983, pp. 1285–1289, 21 year-old Glazier James Grippo from Edam, enjoys hang gliding, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and camping. Finds the entire world an motivating place we have spent 4 months at Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. (translation of a 1981 Russian language article)
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Volker Kaibel, Alexander Schwartz, "On the Complexity of Polytope Isomorphism Problems", Graphs and Combinatorics, 19 (2):215 —230, 2003.
- ↑ Colbourn M.J., Colbourn Ch.J. "Graph isomorphism and self-complementary graphs", SIGACT News, 1978, vol. 10, no. 1, 25–29.
- ↑ Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ J. Shawe-Taylor, T.Pisanski, "Homeomorphism of 2-Complexes is Graph Isomorphism Complete", SIAM Journal on Computing, 23 (1994) 120 – 132 .
- ↑ R. Mathon, "A note on the graph isomorphism counting problem", Information Processing Letters, 8 (1979) pp. 131–132; Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Designing Programs that Check their Work
- ↑ Christophe-André Mario Irniger (2005) "Graph Matching: Filtering Databases of Graphs Using Machine Learning", ISBN 1-58603-557-6
- ↑ "Mining Graph Data", by Diane J. Cook, Lawrence B. Holder (2007) ISBN 0-470-07303-9, pp. 120–122, section 6.2.1. "Canonical Labeling"
- ↑ 55 years old Systems Administrator Antony from Clarence Creek, really loves learning, PC Software and aerobics. Likes to travel and was inspired after making a journey to Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.
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