Discrete Hartley transform: Difference between revisions

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{{More footnotes|date=June 2010}}
{{Probability distribution|
  name       =Weibull (2-Parameter)|
  type      =density|
  pdf_image  =[[Image:Weibull PDF.svg|325px|Probability distribution function]]<!--- NOT CORRECT (see discussion) [[Image:Weibul pdf.png|325px|Probability distribution function]]--->|
  cdf_image  =[[Image:Weibull CDF.svg|325px|Cumulative distribution function]]<!--- NOT CORRECT (see discussion) [[Image:Weibul cdf.png|325px|Cumulative distribution function]]--->|
  parameters =<math>\lambda>0\,</math> [[scale parameter|scale]] ([[real number|real]])<br/><math>k>0\,</math> [[shape parameter|shape]] (real)|
  support    =<math>x \in [0; +\infty)\,</math>|
  pdf        =<math>f(x)=\begin{cases}
\frac{k}{\lambda}\left(\frac{x}{\lambda}\right)^{k-1}e^{-(x/\lambda)^{k}} & x\geq0\\
0 & x<0\end{cases}</math>|
  cdf        =<math>\begin{cases}1- e^{-(x/\lambda)^k} & x\geq0\\ 0 & x<0\end{cases}</math>|
  mean      =<math>\lambda \, \Gamma(1+1/k)\,</math>|
  median    =<math>\lambda(\ln(2))^{1/k}\,</math>|
  mode      =<math>\begin{cases}
\lambda \left(\frac{k-1}{k} \right)^{\frac{1}{k}}\, &k>1\\
0 &k=1\end{cases}</math>|
  arg mode  =<math>\lambda\frac{k-1}{k}^{\frac{1}{k}}\,</math> if <math>k>1</math>|
  variance  =<math>\lambda^2\left[\Gamma\left(1+\frac{2}{k}\right) - \left(\Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{k}\right)\right)^2\right]\,</math>|
  skewness  =<math>\frac{\Gamma(1+3/k)\lambda^3-3\mu\sigma^2-\mu^3}{\sigma^3}</math>|
  kurtosis  =(see text)|
  entropy    =<math>\gamma(1-1/k)+\ln(\lambda/k)+1 \,</math>|
  mgf        = <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{t^n\lambda^n}{n!}\Gamma(1+n/k), \ k\geq1</math>|
  char      = <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(it)^n\lambda^n}{n!}\Gamma(1+n/k)</math>
}}


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In [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], the '''Weibull distribution''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|eɪ|b|ʊ|l}} is a continuous [[probability distribution]]. It is named after [[Waloddi Weibull]], who described it in detail in 1951, although it was first identified by {{harvtxt|Fréchet|1927}} and first applied by {{harvtxt|Rosin|Rammler|1933}} to describe a [[Particle-size distribution|particle size distribution]].
 
==Definition==
 
The [[probability density function]] of a Weibull [[random variable]] is:<ref>Papoulis, Pillai, "Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 4th Edition</ref>
 
:<math>
f(x;\lambda,k) =
\begin{cases}
\frac{k}{\lambda}\left(\frac{x}{\lambda}\right)^{k-1}e^{-(x/\lambda)^{k}} & x\geq0 ,\\
0 & x<0,
\end{cases}</math>
 
where ''k'' > 0 is the ''[[shape parameter]]'' and λ > 0 is the ''[[scale parameter]]'' of the distribution. Its [[Cumulative distribution function#Complementary cumulative distribution function (tail distribution)|complementary cumulative distribution function]] is a [[stretched exponential function]]. The Weibull distribution is related to a number of other probability distributions; in particular, it interpolates between the [[exponential distribution]] (''k'' = 1) and the [[Rayleigh distribution]] (''k'' = 2).
 
If the quantity ''X'' is a "time-to-failure", the Weibull distribution gives a distribution for which the [[failure rate]] is proportional to a power of time. The ''shape'' parameter, ''k'', is that power plus one, and so this parameter can be interpreted directly as follows:
 
* A value of ''k'' < 1 indicates that the [[failure rate]] decreases over time. This happens if there is significant "infant mortality", or defective items failing early and the failure rate decreasing over time as the defective items are weeded out of the population.
* A value of ''k'' = 1 indicates that the failure rate is constant over time. This might suggest random external events are causing mortality, or failure.
* A value of ''k'' > 1 indicates that the failure rate increases with time. This happens if there is an "aging" process, or parts that are more likely to fail as time goes on.
 
In the field of [[materials science]], the shape parameter ''k'' of a distribution of strengths is known as the [[Weibull modulus]].
 
==Properties==
 
===Density function===
 
The form of the density function of the Weibull distribution changes drastically with the value of ''k''. For 0 < ''k'' < 1, the density function tends to ∞ as ''x'' approaches zero from above and is strictly decreasing. For ''k'' = 1, the density function tends to ''1/λ'' as ''x'' approaches zero from above and is strictly decreasing. For ''k'' > 1, the density function tends to zero as ''x'' approaches zero from above, increases until its mode and decreases after it. It is interesting to note that the density function has infinite negative slope at ''x'' = 0 if 0 < ''k'' < 1, infinite positive slope at ''x'' = 0 if 1 < ''k'' < 2 and null slope at ''x'' = 0 if ''k'' > 2. For ''k'' = 2 the density has a finite positive slope at ''x'' = 0. As ''k'' goes to infinity, the Weibull distribution converges to a [[Dirac delta distribution]] centred at ''x'' = λ. Moreover, the skewness and coefficient of variation depend only on the shape parameter.
 
===Distribution function===
 
The [[cumulative distribution function]] for the Weibull distribution is
 
:<math>F(x;k,\lambda) = 1- e^{-(x/\lambda)^k}\,</math>
 
for ''x'' ≥ 0, and ''F''(''x''; ''k''; λ) = 0 for ''x'' < 0.
 
The quantile (inverse cumulative distribution) function for the Weibull distribution is
 
:<math>Q(p;k,\lambda) = \lambda {(-ln(1-p))}^{1/k}</math>
 
for 0 ≤ p < 1.
 
The [[failure rate]] ''h'' (or hazard rate) is given by
 
:<math> h(x;k,\lambda) = {k \over \lambda} \left({x \over \lambda}\right)^{k-1}.</math>
 
===Moments===
The [[moment generating function]] of the [[logarithm]] of a Weibull distributed [[random variable]] is given by<ref name=JKB>{{harvnb|Johnson|Kotz|Balakrishnan|1994}}</ref>
 
:<math>E\left[e^{t\log X}\right] = \lambda^t\Gamma\left(\frac{t}{k}+1\right)</math>
 
where {{math|Γ}} is the [[gamma function]]. Similarly, the [[characteristic function (probability theory)|characteristic function]] of log ''X'' is given by
 
:<math>E\left[e^{it\log X}\right] = \lambda^{it}\Gamma\left(\frac{it}{k}+1\right).</math>
 
In particular, the ''n''th [[raw moment]] of ''X'' is given by
 
:<math>m_n = \lambda^n \Gamma\left(1+\frac{n}{k}\right).</math>
 
The [[mean]] and [[variance]] of a Weibull [[random variable]] can be expressed as
 
:<math>\mathrm{E}(X) = \lambda \Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{k}\right)\,</math>
 
and
 
:<math>\textrm{var}(X) = \lambda^2\left[\Gamma\left(1+\frac{2}{k}\right) - \left(\Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{k}\right)\right)^2\right]\,.</math>
 
The skewness is given by
 
:<math>\gamma_1=\frac{\Gamma\left(1+\frac{3}{k}\right)\lambda^3-3\mu\sigma^2-\mu^3}{\sigma^3}</math>
 
where the mean is denoted by {{math|μ}} and the standard deviation is denoted by {{math|σ}}.
 
The excess [[kurtosis]] is given by
 
:<math>\gamma_2=\frac{-6\Gamma_1^4+12\Gamma_1^2\Gamma_2-3\Gamma_2^2
-4\Gamma_1\Gamma_3+\Gamma_4}{[\Gamma_2-\Gamma_1^2]^2}</math>
 
where <math>\Gamma_i=\Gamma(1+i/k)</math>. The kurtosis excess may also be written as:
 
:<math>\gamma_{2}=\frac{\lambda^4\Gamma(1+\frac{4}{k})-4\gamma_{1}\sigma^3\mu-6\mu^2\sigma^2-\mu^4}{\sigma^4}-3</math>
 
===Moment generating function===
A variety of expressions are available for the moment generating function of ''X'' itself. As a [[power series]], since the raw moments are already known, one has
 
:<math>E\left[e^{tX}\right] = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{t^n\lambda^n}{n!}\Gamma\left(1+\frac{n}{k}\right).</math>
 
Alternatively, one can attempt to deal directly with the integral
 
:<math>E\left[e^{tX}\right] = \int_0^\infty e^{tx} \frac{k}{\lambda}\left(\frac{x}{\lambda}\right)^{k-1}e^{-(x/\lambda)^k}\,dx.</math>
 
If the parameter ''k'' is assumed to be a rational number, expressed as ''k'' = ''p''/''q'' where ''p'' and ''q'' are integers, then this integral can be evaluated analytically.<ref>See {{harv|Cheng|Tellambura|Beaulieu|2004}} for the case when ''k'' is an integer, and {{harv|Sagias|Karagiannidis|2005}} for the rational case.</ref> With ''t'' replaced by &minus;''t'', one finds
:<math> E\left[e^{-tX}\right] = \frac1{ \lambda^k\, t^k} \, \frac{ p^k \, \sqrt{q/p}} {(\sqrt{2 \pi})^{q+p-2}} \, G_{p,q}^{\,q,p} \!\left( \left. \begin{matrix} \frac{1-k}{p}, \frac{2-k}{p}, \dots, \frac{p-k}{p} \\ \frac{0}{q}, \frac{1}{q}, \dots, \frac{q-1}{q} \end{matrix} \; \right| \, \frac {p^p} {\left( q \, \lambda^k \, t^k \right)^q} \right) </math>
where ''G'' is the [[Meijer G-function]].
 
The [[characteristic function (probability theory)|characteristic function]] has also been obtained by {{harvtxt|Muraleedharan|Rao|Kurup|Nair|2007}}.
 
===Information entropy===
The [[information entropy]] is given by
 
:<math>
H(\lambda,k) = \gamma\left(1\!-\!\frac{1}{k}\right) + \ln\left(\frac{\lambda}{k}\right) + 1
</math>
 
where <math>\gamma</math> is the [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]].
 
===Parameter estimation===
====Maximum likelihood====
 
 
The [[maximum likelihood estimator]] for the <math>\lambda</math> parameter given <math>\beta</math> is,<ref>{{cite book
| author = Sornette, D.
| year = 2004
| title = Critical Phenomena in Natural Science: Chaos, Fractals, Self-organization, and Disorder}}.</ref>
 
:<math>\hat \lambda^k = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N (x_i^k - x_N^k)</math>
 
Where <math>x_1 > x_2 > ... > x_N</math> are the <math>N</math> largest observed samples.
 
The maximum likelihood estimator for <math>k</math> is,
:<math>
  \hat k^{-1} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N (x_i^k \ln x_i -  x_N^k \ln x_N)}
                      {\sum_{i=1}^N (x_i^k - x_N^k)}
                  - \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \ln x_i
</math>
 
This being an implicit function, one must generally solve for <math>k</math> by numerical means.
 
==Weibull plot==
 
The fit of data to a Weibull distribution can be visually assessed using a Weibull Plot.<ref>[http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/weibplot.htm The Weibull plot]</ref> The Weibull Plot is a plot of the [[empirical cumulative distribution function]] <math>\hat F(x)</math> of data on special axes in a type of [[Q-Q plot]]. The axes are <math>\ln(-\ln(1-\hat F(x)))</math> versus <math>\ln(x)</math>. The reason for this change of variables is the cumulative distribution function can be linearized:
:<math>\begin{align}
F(x) &= 1-e^{-(x/\lambda)^k}\\
-\ln(1-F(x)) &= (x/\lambda)^k\\
\underbrace{\ln(-\ln(1-F(x)))}_{\textrm{'y'}} &= \underbrace{k\ln x}_{\textrm{'mx'}} - \underbrace{k\ln \lambda}_{\textrm{'c'}}
\end{align}
</math>
which can be seen to be in the standard form of a straight line. Therefore if the data came from a Weibull distribution then a straight line is expected on a Weibull plot.
 
There are various approaches to obtaining the empirical distribution function from data: one method is to obtain the vertical coordinate for each point using <math>\hat F = \frac{i-0.3}{n+0.4}</math> where <math>i</math> is the rank of the data point and <math>n</math> is the number of data points.<ref>Wayne Nelson (2004) ''Applied Life Data Analysis''. Wiley-Blackwell ISBN 0-471-64462-5</ref>
 
Linear regression can also be used to numerically assess goodness of fit and estimate the parameters of the Weibull distribution. The gradient informs one directly about the shape parameter <math>k</math> and the scale parameter <math>\lambda</math> can also be inferred.
 
in survival
The Weibull distribution is used{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
* In [[survival analysis]]<ref>[http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/survival-failure-time-analysis/#distribution Survival/Failure Time Analysis]</ref>
* In [[reliability engineering]] and [[failure analysis]]
* In [[industrial engineering]] to represent [[manufacturing]] and [[Delivery (commerce)|delivery]] times
* In [[extreme value theory]]
* In [[weather forecasting]]
** To describe [[Wind power#Distribution of wind speed|wind speed distributions]], as the natural distribution often matches the Weibull shape<ref>[http://www.reuk.co.uk/Wind-Speed-Distribution-Weibull.htm Wind Speed Distribution Weibull]</ref>
* In communications systems engineering
** In [[radar]] systems to model the dispersion of the received signals level produced by some types of clutters
** To model [[fading channel]]s in [[wireless]] communications, as the [[Weibull fading]] model seems to exhibit good fit to experimental fading [[Channel (communications)|channel]] measurements
[[File:FitWeibullDistr.tif|thumb|240px|Fitted cumulative Weibull distribution to maximum one-day rainfalls using [[CumFreq]], see also [[distribution fitting]] ]]
* In [[general insurance]] to model the size of [[reinsurance]] claims, and the cumulative development of [[asbestosis]] losses
* In forecasting technological change (also known as the Sharif-Islam model)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0040162580900268 |title=The Weibull distribution as a general model for forecasting technological change |publisher=Sciencedirect.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-05}}</ref>
 
* In [[hydrology]] the Weibull distribution is applied to extreme events such as annual maximum one-day rainfalls and river discharges. The blue picture illustrates an example of fitting the Weibull distribution to ranked annually maximum one-day rainfalls showing also the 90% [[confidence belt]] based on the [[binomial distribution]]. The rainfall data are represented by [[plotting position]]s as part of the [[cumulative frequency analysis]].
 
*In describing the size of [[Granular material|particles]] generated by grinding, [[mill (grinding)|milling]] and [[crusher|crushing]] operations, the 2-Parameter Weibull distribution is used, and in these applications it is sometimes known as the Rosin-Rammler distribution.{{Citation needed|date = May 2011}} In this context it predicts fewer fine particles than the [[Log-normal distribution]] and it is generally most accurate for narrow particle size distributions.{{Citation needed|date = May 2011}} The interpretation of the cumulative distribution function is that ''F''(''x; k; λ'') is the [[mass fraction]] of particles with diameter smaller than ''x'', where ''λ'' is the mean particle size and ''k'' is a measure of the spread of particle sizes.
 
==Related distributions==
*The translated Weibull distribution contains an additional parameter.<ref name="JKB"/> It has the [[probability density function]]
 
:<math>f(x;k,\lambda, \theta)={k \over \lambda} \left({x - \theta \over \lambda}\right)^{k-1} e^{-({x-\theta \over \lambda})^k}\,</math>
 
for <math>x \geq \theta</math> and ''f''(''x''; ''k'', λ, θ) = 0 for ''x'' < θ, where <math>k >0</math> is the [[shape parameter]], <math>\lambda >0</math> is the [[scale parameter]] and <math>\theta</math> is the [[location parameter]] of the distribution. When θ=0, this reduces to the 2-parameter distribution.
 
*The Weibull distribution can be characterized as the distribution of a random variable ''X'' such that the random variable
:<math>Y = \left(\frac{X}{\lambda}\right)^k</math>
is the standard [[exponential distribution]] with intensity 1.<ref name="JKB"/>
 
*The Weibull distribution interpolates between the exponential distribution with intensity 1/λ when ''k'' = 1 and a [[Rayleigh distribution]] of mode <math>\sigma = \lambda/\sqrt{2}</math> when ''k'' = 2.
 
*The Weibull distribution can also be characterized in terms of a [[Uniform distribution (continuous)|uniform distribution]]: if ''X'' is uniformly distributed on (0,1), then the random variable <math>\lambda(-\ln(1-X))^{1/k}\,</math> is Weibull distributed with parameters ''k'' and λ.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} This leads to an easily implemented numerical scheme for simulating a Weibull distribution.
 
*The Weibull distribution (usually sufficient in [[reliability engineering]]) is a special case of the three parameter [[exponentiated Weibull distribution]] where the additional exponent equals 1. The exponentiated Weibull distribution accommodates [[Unimodal function|unimodal]], [[Bathtub curve|bathtub shaped]]*<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sys-ev.com/reliability01.htm|title=System evolution and reliability of systems|publisher=Sysev (Belgium)|date=2010-01-01}}</ref> and [[Monotonic function|monotone]] failure [[failure rate|rate]]s.
 
*The Weibull distribution is a special case of the [[generalized extreme value distribution]]. It was in this connection that the distribution was first identified by [[Maurice Fréchet]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Douglas|title=Introduction to statistical quality control|publisher=John Wiley|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9781118146811|page=95}}</ref> The closely related [[Fréchet distribution]], named for this work, has the probability density function
:<math>f_{\rm{Frechet}}(x;k,\lambda)=\frac{k}{\lambda} \left(\frac{x}{\lambda}\right)^{-1-k} e^{-(x/\lambda)^{-k}} = *f_{\rm{Weibull}}(x;-k,\lambda).</math>
 
*The distribution of a random variable that is defined as the minimum of several random variables, each having a different Weibull distribution, is a [[poly-Weibull distribution]].
 
*The Weibull distribution was first applied by {{harvtxt|Rosin|Rammler|1933}} to describe particle size distributions. It is widely used in [[mineral processing]] to describe [[particle size distribution]]s in [[comminution]] processes. In this context the cumulative distribution is given by
:<math>f(x;P_{\rm{80}},m) =  \begin{cases}
1-e^{ln\left(0.2\right)\left(\frac{x}{P_{\rm{80}}}\right)^m} & x\geq0 ,\\
0 & x<0 ,\end{cases}</math>
where
:<math>x</math>: Particle size
:<math>P_{\rm{80}}</math>: 80<sup>th</sup> percentile of the particle size distribution
:<math>m</math>: Parameter describing the spread of the distribution
 
==See also==
* [[Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem]]
* [[Logistic distribution]]
* [[particle-size distribution#Rosin-Rammler distribution|Rosin-Rammler distribution]] for particle size analysis
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
*{{citation|last=Fréchet|first=Maurice|authorlink=Maurice Fréchet|title=Sur la loi de probabilité de l'écart maximum|journal=Annales de la Société Polonaise de Mathematique, Cracovie|volume=6|pages=93–116|year=1927}}.
*{{Citation | last1=Johnson | first1=Norman L. | last2=Kotz | first2=Samuel | last3=Balakrishnan | first3=N. | title=Continuous univariate distributions. Vol. 1 | publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] | location=New York | edition=2nd | series=Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics: Applied Probability and Statistics | isbn=978-0-471-58495-7 | mr = 1299979| year=1994}}
*{{Citation | first1=G.|last1 = Muraleedharan | first2=A.G.|last2=Rao|first3=P.G.|last3=Kurup|first4=N. Unnikrishnan|last4=Nair|first5=Mourani|last5=Sinha| year = 2007 | title = Coastal Engineering | issue=8 | volume=54 |pages = 630–638|doi=10.1016/j.coastaleng.2007.05.001 | journal=Coastal Engineering}}
*{{citation|last1=Rosin|first1=P.|last2=Rammler|first2=E.|year=1933|title=The Laws Governing the Fineness of Powdered Coal|journal=Journal of the Institute of Fuel|volume=7|pages=29–36}}.
*{{Citation | last1=Sagias | first1=Nikos C. | last2=Karagiannidis | first2=George K. | title=Gaussian class multivariate Weibull distributions: theory and applications in fading channels | doi=10.1109/TIT.2005.855598 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 2237527}} | year=2005 | journal=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Transactions on Information Theory | issn=0018-9448 | volume=51 | issue=10 | pages=3608–3619 | url = http://pelopas.uop.gr/~nsagias/Files/Papers/Journals/2005/J4_2005.pdf}}
*{{citation|last=Weibull|first=W.|authorlink=Waloddi Weibull|year=1951|title=A statistical distribution function of wide applicability|journal=J. Appl. Mech.-Trans. ASME|volume=18|issue=3|pages=293–297|url=http://www.barringer1.com/wa_files/Weibull-ASME-Paper-1951.pdf}}.
*{{cite web|url=http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3668.htm|chapter=Weibull Distribution|title=Engineering statistics handbook|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|year=2008}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.erpt.org/014Q/nelsa-06.htm |title=Dispersing Powders in Liquids, Part 1, Chap 6: Particle Volume Distribution |accessdate=2008-02-05 |last=Nelson, Jr |first=Ralph |date=2008-02-05}}
 
==External links==
* {{springer|title=Weibull distribution|id=p/w097370}}
* [http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath122/kmath122.htm Mathpages - Weibull Analysis]
* [http://reliawiki.org/index.php/The_Weibull_Distribution The Weibull Distribution]
* [http://www.crgraph.com/Weibull11e.pdf Reliability Analysis with Weibull]
* Interactive graphic: [http://www.math.wm.edu/~leemis/chart/UDR/UDR.html Univariate Distribution Relationships]
 
{{ProbDistributions|continuous-semi-infinite}}
{{Common univariate probability distributions}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Weibull Distribution}}
[[Category:Continuous distributions]]
[[Category:Survival analysis]]
[[Category:Exponential family distributions]]
[[Category:Probability distributions]]

Revision as of 04:05, 6 January 2014

Template:More footnotes Template:Probability distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Weibull distribution Template:IPAc-en is a continuous probability distribution. It is named after Waloddi Weibull, who described it in detail in 1951, although it was first identified by Template:Harvtxt and first applied by Template:Harvtxt to describe a particle size distribution.

Definition

The probability density function of a Weibull random variable is:[1]

where k > 0 is the shape parameter and λ > 0 is the scale parameter of the distribution. Its complementary cumulative distribution function is a stretched exponential function. The Weibull distribution is related to a number of other probability distributions; in particular, it interpolates between the exponential distribution (k = 1) and the Rayleigh distribution (k = 2).

If the quantity X is a "time-to-failure", the Weibull distribution gives a distribution for which the failure rate is proportional to a power of time. The shape parameter, k, is that power plus one, and so this parameter can be interpreted directly as follows:

  • A value of k < 1 indicates that the failure rate decreases over time. This happens if there is significant "infant mortality", or defective items failing early and the failure rate decreasing over time as the defective items are weeded out of the population.
  • A value of k = 1 indicates that the failure rate is constant over time. This might suggest random external events are causing mortality, or failure.
  • A value of k > 1 indicates that the failure rate increases with time. This happens if there is an "aging" process, or parts that are more likely to fail as time goes on.

In the field of materials science, the shape parameter k of a distribution of strengths is known as the Weibull modulus.

Properties

Density function

The form of the density function of the Weibull distribution changes drastically with the value of k. For 0 < k < 1, the density function tends to ∞ as x approaches zero from above and is strictly decreasing. For k = 1, the density function tends to 1/λ as x approaches zero from above and is strictly decreasing. For k > 1, the density function tends to zero as x approaches zero from above, increases until its mode and decreases after it. It is interesting to note that the density function has infinite negative slope at x = 0 if 0 < k < 1, infinite positive slope at x = 0 if 1 < k < 2 and null slope at x = 0 if k > 2. For k = 2 the density has a finite positive slope at x = 0. As k goes to infinity, the Weibull distribution converges to a Dirac delta distribution centred at x = λ. Moreover, the skewness and coefficient of variation depend only on the shape parameter.

Distribution function

The cumulative distribution function for the Weibull distribution is

for x ≥ 0, and F(x; k; λ) = 0 for x < 0.

The quantile (inverse cumulative distribution) function for the Weibull distribution is

for 0 ≤ p < 1.

The failure rate h (or hazard rate) is given by

Moments

The moment generating function of the logarithm of a Weibull distributed random variable is given by[2]

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A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. is the gamma function. Similarly, the characteristic function of log X is given by

In particular, the nth raw moment of X is given by

The mean and variance of a Weibull random variable can be expressed as

and

The skewness is given by

where the mean is denoted by Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. and the standard deviation is denoted by Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer..

The excess kurtosis is given by

where . The kurtosis excess may also be written as:

Moment generating function

A variety of expressions are available for the moment generating function of X itself. As a power series, since the raw moments are already known, one has

Alternatively, one can attempt to deal directly with the integral

If the parameter k is assumed to be a rational number, expressed as k = p/q where p and q are integers, then this integral can be evaluated analytically.[3] With t replaced by −t, one finds

where G is the Meijer G-function.

The characteristic function has also been obtained by Template:Harvtxt.

Information entropy

The information entropy is given by

where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

Parameter estimation

Maximum likelihood

The maximum likelihood estimator for the parameter given is,[4]

Where are the largest observed samples.

The maximum likelihood estimator for is,

This being an implicit function, one must generally solve for by numerical means.

Weibull plot

The fit of data to a Weibull distribution can be visually assessed using a Weibull Plot.[5] The Weibull Plot is a plot of the empirical cumulative distribution function of data on special axes in a type of Q-Q plot. The axes are versus . The reason for this change of variables is the cumulative distribution function can be linearized:

which can be seen to be in the standard form of a straight line. Therefore if the data came from a Weibull distribution then a straight line is expected on a Weibull plot.

There are various approaches to obtaining the empirical distribution function from data: one method is to obtain the vertical coordinate for each point using where is the rank of the data point and is the number of data points.[6]

Linear regression can also be used to numerically assess goodness of fit and estimate the parameters of the Weibull distribution. The gradient informs one directly about the shape parameter and the scale parameter can also be inferred.

in survival The Weibull distribution is usedPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Fitted cumulative Weibull distribution to maximum one-day rainfalls using CumFreq, see also distribution fitting
  • In describing the size of particles generated by grinding, milling and crushing operations, the 2-Parameter Weibull distribution is used, and in these applications it is sometimes known as the Rosin-Rammler distribution.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. In this context it predicts fewer fine particles than the Log-normal distribution and it is generally most accurate for narrow particle size distributions.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. The interpretation of the cumulative distribution function is that F(x; k; λ) is the mass fraction of particles with diameter smaller than x, where λ is the mean particle size and k is a measure of the spread of particle sizes.

Related distributions

for and f(x; k, λ, θ) = 0 for x < θ, where is the shape parameter, is the scale parameter and is the location parameter of the distribution. When θ=0, this reduces to the 2-parameter distribution.

  • The Weibull distribution can be characterized as the distribution of a random variable X such that the random variable

is the standard exponential distribution with intensity 1.[2]

  • The distribution of a random variable that is defined as the minimum of several random variables, each having a different Weibull distribution, is a poly-Weibull distribution.

where

: Particle size
: 80th percentile of the particle size distribution
: Parameter describing the spread of the distribution

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Bibliography

  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
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  1. Papoulis, Pillai, "Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 4th Edition
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  3. See Template:Harv for the case when k is an integer, and Template:Harv for the rational case.
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  5. The Weibull plot
  6. Wayne Nelson (2004) Applied Life Data Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell ISBN 0-471-64462-5
  7. Survival/Failure Time Analysis
  8. Wind Speed Distribution Weibull
  9. Template:Cite web
  10. Template:Cite web
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