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== Cile e Perù Beats Cuffie ==
{{Verifiability|date=August 2011}}
:''Not to be confused with a [[Fixed point (mathematics)|fixed point]] where x ''='' f''(''x'')''.''
{{about|stationary points or critical points of a real-valued function of one real variable|the general notion|Critical point (mathematics)}}
[[File:Stationary vs inflection pts.svg|350px|thumb|right|The stationary points are the red circles. In this graph, they are all relative maxima or relative minima.]]
In [[mathematics]], particularly in [[calculus]], a '''stationary point''' or '''critical point''' is a point of the [[domain of a function|domain]] of a [[differentiable function]], where the [[derivative]] is zero (equivalently, the [[slope]] of the [[graph of a function|graph]] is zero): it is a point where the function "stops" increasing or decreasing (hence the name). For a differentiable [[function of several real variables|function of several variables]], a '''stationary''' or '''critical point''' is an input (one value for each variable) where all the [[partial derivative]]s are zero (equivalently, the [[gradient]] is zero).


Prima di formare Prospector, signor Gillespie è stato presidente della T. è Consigliere Indipendente di White Mountains Insurance Group Ltd. E 'stato il presidente della Beluca Investment, Inc. dal 2005. Precedenza, il signor Brouillette [http://www.entecerma.it/FCKeditor/editor/css/back.asp Beats Cuffie] era stato con ING dal 1989, in servizio in molte posizioni di leadership presso aziende ING, tra cui più di recente come l'amministratore delegato per le operazioni di ING America Latina in Messico, Brasile, Cile e Perù (2002 2005). <br><br>Per esempio, ci vorrebbero le risorse combinate di 25 GWPFs per produrre un equivalente della legge straordinariamente paternalistico del governo britannico sulla campagna di CO2. Il comitato sui cambiamenti climatici spende più di otto volte tanto ogni anno sulle proprie attività. Nel 2010, il quasi Fiducia Carbon indipendente ed Energy Saving Trust ha ricevuto contributi pubblici per un valore 156million e 70 milioni rispettivamente. Ciò significa un totale di 452 volte [http://www.ilmercantedisogni.it/Slide/small/form.asp Occhiali Da Sole Gucci] tanto denaro pubblico come GWPF preso da donatori. Il miliardario Jeremy Grantham, che ha circa 1,5 miliardi di dollari di azioni di compagnie petrolifere è il benefattore dell'influente Grantham Research Institute for Climate Change, guidato da Lord Nicholas Stern, che ha scritto The Stern Review sull'economia del cambiamento climatico. ONG come Amici della Terra e WWF godono di doni di milioni di sterline dal Regno Unito e governi dell'UE. E le associazioni europee dei fondi delle società energetiche rinnovabili pressioni sui politici per la somma di milioni di euro all'anno.<br><br>Cattura! Ho usato per guardare i volti delle persone che stavano per gettare le cose a me se era in un 'oh, ecco la mia chiavi, catturare' situazione o in un contesto sportivo mi piacerebbe guardare la loro faccia, quindi vedere l'oggetto, forse a la parte superiore del suo arco, poi una sorta di strabismo nervosamente come (si spera) sbarcato nelle mie mani, solo con la stima e un po 'di visione periferica per aiutare a trovarne uno. Uhm, no. Recentemente ho saputo che avrei dovuto ignorare il volto del lanciatore, e invece guardare la palla in sé, tutta la strada lungo il suo percorso dalla mano del tiratore al mio. Sembra semplice; solo 'tenere d'occhio sulla palla'. Ma ho sempre incasinato che fino a quando io in realtà mi sforzai di guardare che cosa e tenere traccia di tutto [http://www.entecerma.it/Templates/AspInc/base.asp Tiffany Orecchini] il suo intero percorso di mano [http://www.rifugiamoci.it/ImgCatalogo/Animazione/menu.asp Mbt Roma] in mano. Ora gioco fermo come un campione.<br><br>Avrei dovuto essere più preciso circa la mia domanda. So che il mio modo per aggirare Toronto davvero bene. Ma, sono cresciuto nelle Burbs temute, quindi non ho mai realmente vissuto nella città stessa. So dove pub, gallerie, ecc sono. Proprio non che giorno per giorno la vita è come in posti come villaggio King West.<ul>
The stationary points are easy to visualize on the graph of the function: they correspond to the points on the graph where the [[tangent]] is [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the ''x''-axis. For function of two variables, they correspond to the points on the graph where the tangent plane is parallel to the ''xy'' plane.
 
  <li>[http://ilubulu.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7761&fromuid=2872 http://ilubulu.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7761&fromuid=2872]</li>
 
  <li>[http://bbs.wufun.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=277915&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=124746 http://bbs.wufun.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=277915&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=124746]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.achicourtautrement.fr/spip.php?article451/ http://www.achicourtautrement.fr/spip.php?article451/]</li>
 
  <li>[http://grhdx.site02.51eway.com/news/html/?98996.html http://grhdx.site02.51eway.com/news/html/?98996.html]</li>
 
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==Stationary points, critical points and turning points==
The term ''stationary point of a function'' may be confused with ''[[critical point (mathematics)|critical point]] for a given projection of the graph of the function''.
"Critical point" is more general: a stationary point of a function corresponds to a critical point of its graph for the projection parallel to the ''x''-axis. On the other hand, the critical points of the graph for the projection parallel to the ''y'' axis are the points where the derivative is not defined (more exactly tends to the infinity). It follows that some authors call "critical point" the critical points for any of these projections.


Tenere verdi come rucola ed erbe naturali più freschi per un tempo più lungo avvolgendoli all'interno di un pezzi umide asciugamano di carta e metterli in un sacchetto di memorizzazione cerniera all'interno del frigorifero. Questa tecnica mantiene le foglie avvizzito e l'essiccazione, e può anche estendere la durata delle vostre rispettive erbe naturali o verdi per altri 4 giorni e [http://www.ilmercantedisogni.it/Slide/small/form.asp Occhiali Da Sole Gucci] notti. Prima di acquistare una polizza di assicurazione vita, è intelligente per capire che cosa misurazioni di una polizza assicurativa è necessario. Quanti soldi si dovrebbe coprire il vostro partner giusto fino a quando lui [http://www.ilmercantedisogni.it/Popups/fold.asp Pandora Milano] o lei si ritira, o comprare college o università lezioni di tuo figlio?  " onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Calcolatori online possono essere utilizzati per citare le vostre preferenze.<br><br>Lasciate che i vostri potenziali clienti opt-out. E 'davvero comprensibile che si desidera mantenere tutte le connessioni, ma bisogna dare ai vostri potenziali clienti un mezzo per smettere di ottenere i vostri messaggi. Dare [http://www.ilmercantedisogni.it/Popups/fold.asp Pandora Italia] preferire le direzioni dopo che i vostri messaggi di testo o fornitura di un collegamento ipertestuale che potevano fare clic su per uscire messaggi. Questa semplice fase vi aiuterà a costruire valore per l'azienda. Puppy mordere è davvero un comportamento normale e necessario, ma potrebbe essere reindirizzata. Pungente di un cucciolo è un metodo eccellente esplora l'ambiente intorno a lui. Fornire il vostro cane con cristallino di gestione e un sacco di connessione dell'essere umano e l'attivazione. Inoltre, gli offrono con divertenti giocattoli di masticazione. " onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Questo lo aiuterà a fermare da masticare sulle cose che non dovrebbe essere rosicchiare.<br><br>Durante la vostra prima settimana on-the-job, mantenere il più arretrato possibile. Questo sarà probabilmente presente che si può avere una funzione fantastica etica ed indicare società. Inoltre, aiuta a creare un primo effetto di qualità con i vostri collaboratori e la gestione uppr che sarà responsabile per la commercializzazione nel prossimo futuro. Ci sono diverse cose che si dovrebbe tenere a mente quando ci si trova in corso un colloquio. C'è sicuramente un modo sbagliato e corretto per condurre la vostra auto.  " onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">L'articolo successivo è riempito con le informazioni che vi aiuterà a [http://www.ilmercantedisogni.it/Slide/small/form.asp Gucci Occhiali] scegliere se si sono attrezzati per essere su un colloquio e di offrire il tutto.<ul>
A '''turning point''' is a point at which the derivative changes sign.{{cn|date=October 2013}} A turning point may be either a relative maximum or a relative minimum. If the function is differentiable, then a turning point is a stationary point; however not all stationary points are turning points. If the function is twice differentiable, the stationary points that are not turning points are horizontal [[inflection point]]s. For example the function <math>x \mapsto x^3</math> has a stationary point at x=0, which is also an inflection point, but is not a turning point.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turning points and stationary points|url=http://www.teacherschoice.com.au/Maths_Library/Calculus/stationary_points.htm|work=TCS FREE high school mathematics 'How-to Library',|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>
 
 
  <li>[http://182.140.249.57/news/html/?69990.html http://182.140.249.57/news/html/?69990.html]</li>
==Classification==
 
{{See also|maxima and minima}}
  <li>[http://ciarcr.org/spip.php?article310/ http://ciarcr.org/spip.php?article310/]</li>
 
 
Isolated stationary points of a <math>C^1</math> real valued function <math>f\colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}</math> are classified into four kinds, by the [[first derivative test]]:
  <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18070360 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18070360]</li>
 
 
[[Image:Stationary and inflection pts.gif|frame|right|Saddle points (coincident stationary points and inflection points). Here one is rising and one is a falling inflection point.]]
  <li>[http://bryan7.egloos.com/1403377/ http://bryan7.egloos.com/1403377/]</li>
* a '''local minimum''' ('''minimal turning point''' or '''relative minimum''') is one where the derivative of the function changes from negative to positive;
 
* a '''local maximum''' ('''maximal turning point''' or '''relative maximum''') is one where the derivative of the function changes from positive to negative;
</ul>
* a '''rising [[inflection point|point of inflection]]''' (or '''inflexion''') is one where the derivative of the function is positive on both sides of the stationary point; such a point marks a change in [[concave function|concavity]]
* a '''falling point of inflection''' (or '''inflexion''') is one where the derivative of the function is negative on both sides of the stationary point; such a point marks a change in concavity
 
A point that is either a local minimum or a local maximum is called a local extremum. Similarly a point that is either a global (or absolute) maximum or a global (or absolute) minimum is called a global (or absolute) extremum.
By [[Fermat's theorem (stationary points)|Fermat's theorem]], global extrema must occur (for a <math>C^1</math> function) on the boundary or at stationary points.
 
==Curve sketching==
{{Cubic graph special points.svg}}
Determining the position and nature of stationary points aids in [[curve sketching]] of differentiable functions. Solving the equation ''f&#39;''(''x'') = 0 returns the ''x''-coordinates of all stationary points; the ''y''-coordinates are trivially the function values at those ''x''-coordinates.
The specific nature of a stationary point at ''x'' can in some cases be determined by examining the [[second derivative]] ''f'&#39;''(''x''):
* If ''f'&#39;''(''x'') < 0, the stationary point at ''x'' is concave down; a maximal extremum.
* If ''f'&#39;''(''x'') > 0, the stationary point at ''x'' is concave up; a minimal extremum.
* If ''f'&#39;''(''x'') = 0, the nature of the stationary point must be determined by way of other means, often by noting a sign change around that point.
 
A more straightforward way of determining the nature of a stationary point is by examining the function values between the stationary points (if the function is defined and continuous between them).
 
A simple example of a point of inflection is the function ''f''(''x'') = ''x''<sup>3</sup>. There is a clear change of concavity about the point ''x'' = 0, and we can prove this by means of [[calculus]]. The second derivative of ''f'' is the everywhere-continuous 6''x'', and at ''x'' = 0,  ''f''&prime;&prime; = 0, and the sign changes about this point. So ''x'' = 0 is a point of inflection.
 
More generally, the stationary points of a real valued function ''f'': '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> → '''R''' are those
points '''x'''<sub>0</sub> where the derivative in every direction equals zero, or equivalently, the [[gradient]] is zero.
 
===Example===
At x<sub>1</sub>  we have ''f' ''(''x'') = 0 and ''f'&#39;''(''x'') = 0. Even though ''f'&#39;''(''x'') = 0, this point is not a point of inflection. The reason is that the sign of ''f' ''(''x'') changes from negative to positive.
 
At x<sub>2</sub>, we have ''f' ''(''x'') <math>\ne</math> 0 and  ''f'&#39;''(''x'') = 0. But, x<sub>2</sub> is not a stationary point, rather it is a point of inflection. This because the concavity changes from concave downwards to concave upwards and  the sign of ''f' ''(''x'') does not change; it stays positive.
 
At x<sub>3</sub> we have ''f' ''(''x'') = 0 and ''f'&#39;''(''x'') = 0. Here,  x<sub>3</sub> is both a stationary point and a point of inflection. This is because the concavity changes from concave downwards to concave upwards and  the sign of ''f' ''(''x'') does not change; it stays positive.
 
Assuming that f'(x) < 0, there are no distinct roots. Hence ''f''<nowiki>''</nowiki>(''x'') =&nbsp;''dy''.
 
==See also==
* [[Optimization (mathematics)]]
* [[Fermat's theorem (stationary points)|Fermat's theorem]]
* [[Second derivative test]]
* [[Higher-order derivative test]]
* [[Fixed point (mathematics)]]
* [[Saddle point]]
 
==External links==
* [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Calculus/FourthDegree.shtml Inflection Points of Fourth Degree Polynomials &mdash; a surprising appearance of the golden ratio] at [[cut-the-knot]]
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Differential calculus]]
 
[[de:Extrempunkt]]

Revision as of 21:00, 27 January 2014

Template:Verifiability

Not to be confused with a fixed point where x = f(x).

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The stationary points are the red circles. In this graph, they are all relative maxima or relative minima.

In mathematics, particularly in calculus, a stationary point or critical point is a point of the domain of a differentiable function, where the derivative is zero (equivalently, the slope of the graph is zero): it is a point where the function "stops" increasing or decreasing (hence the name). For a differentiable function of several variables, a stationary or critical point is an input (one value for each variable) where all the partial derivatives are zero (equivalently, the gradient is zero).

The stationary points are easy to visualize on the graph of the function: they correspond to the points on the graph where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis. For function of two variables, they correspond to the points on the graph where the tangent plane is parallel to the xy plane.

Stationary points, critical points and turning points

The term stationary point of a function may be confused with critical point for a given projection of the graph of the function. "Critical point" is more general: a stationary point of a function corresponds to a critical point of its graph for the projection parallel to the x-axis. On the other hand, the critical points of the graph for the projection parallel to the y axis are the points where the derivative is not defined (more exactly tends to the infinity). It follows that some authors call "critical point" the critical points for any of these projections.

A turning point is a point at which the derivative changes sign.Template:Cn A turning point may be either a relative maximum or a relative minimum. If the function is differentiable, then a turning point is a stationary point; however not all stationary points are turning points. If the function is twice differentiable, the stationary points that are not turning points are horizontal inflection points. For example the function has a stationary point at x=0, which is also an inflection point, but is not a turning point.[1]

Classification

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Isolated stationary points of a real valued function are classified into four kinds, by the first derivative test:

Saddle points (coincident stationary points and inflection points). Here one is rising and one is a falling inflection point.
  • a local minimum (minimal turning point or relative minimum) is one where the derivative of the function changes from negative to positive;
  • a local maximum (maximal turning point or relative maximum) is one where the derivative of the function changes from positive to negative;
  • a rising point of inflection (or inflexion) is one where the derivative of the function is positive on both sides of the stationary point; such a point marks a change in concavity
  • a falling point of inflection (or inflexion) is one where the derivative of the function is negative on both sides of the stationary point; such a point marks a change in concavity

A point that is either a local minimum or a local maximum is called a local extremum. Similarly a point that is either a global (or absolute) maximum or a global (or absolute) minimum is called a global (or absolute) extremum. By Fermat's theorem, global extrema must occur (for a function) on the boundary or at stationary points.

Curve sketching

Template:Cubic graph special points.svg Determining the position and nature of stationary points aids in curve sketching of differentiable functions. Solving the equation f'(x) = 0 returns the x-coordinates of all stationary points; the y-coordinates are trivially the function values at those x-coordinates. The specific nature of a stationary point at x can in some cases be determined by examining the second derivative f''(x):

  • If f''(x) < 0, the stationary point at x is concave down; a maximal extremum.
  • If f''(x) > 0, the stationary point at x is concave up; a minimal extremum.
  • If f''(x) = 0, the nature of the stationary point must be determined by way of other means, often by noting a sign change around that point.

A more straightforward way of determining the nature of a stationary point is by examining the function values between the stationary points (if the function is defined and continuous between them).

A simple example of a point of inflection is the function f(x) = x3. There is a clear change of concavity about the point x = 0, and we can prove this by means of calculus. The second derivative of f is the everywhere-continuous 6x, and at x = 0, f′′ = 0, and the sign changes about this point. So x = 0 is a point of inflection.

More generally, the stationary points of a real valued function f: RnR are those points x0 where the derivative in every direction equals zero, or equivalently, the gradient is zero.

Example

At x1 we have f' (x) = 0 and f''(x) = 0. Even though f''(x) = 0, this point is not a point of inflection. The reason is that the sign of f' (x) changes from negative to positive.

At x2, we have f' (x) 0 and f''(x) = 0. But, x2 is not a stationary point, rather it is a point of inflection. This because the concavity changes from concave downwards to concave upwards and the sign of f' (x) does not change; it stays positive.

At x3 we have f' (x) = 0 and f''(x) = 0. Here, x3 is both a stationary point and a point of inflection. This is because the concavity changes from concave downwards to concave upwards and the sign of f' (x) does not change; it stays positive.

Assuming that f'(x) < 0, there are no distinct roots. Hence f''(x) = dy.

See also

External links

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de:Extrempunkt