Quadratic integer

In mathematics, projectivization is a procedure which associates to a non-zero vector space V its associated projective space ${\mathbb {P} }(V)$, whose elements are one-dimensional subspaces of V. More generally, any subset S of V closed under scalar multiplication defines a subset of ${\mathbb {P} }(V)$ formed by the lines contained in S and called the projectivization of S.

Properties

• Projectivization is a special case of the factorization by a group action: the projective space ${\mathbb {P} }(V)$ is the quotient of the open set V\{0} of nonzero vectors by the action of the multiplicative group of the base field by scalar transformations. The dimension of ${\mathbb {P} }(V)$ in the sense of algebraic geometry is one less than the dimension of the vector space V.

• Projectivization is functorial with respect to injective linear maps: if

$f:V\to W$

is a linear map with trivial kernel then f defines an algebraic map of the corresponding projective spaces,

$\mathbb {P} (f):\mathbb {P} (V)\to \mathbb {P} (W).$

In particular, the general linear group GL(V) acts on the projective space ${\mathbb {P} }(V)$ by automorphisms.

Projective completion

A related procedure embeds a vector space V over a field K into the projective space ${\mathbb {P} }(V\oplus K)$ of the same dimension. To every vector v of V, it associates the line spanned by the vector (v,1) of V⊕K.

Generalization

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In algebraic geometry, there is a procedure that associates a projective variety Proj S with a graded commutative algebra S (under some technical restrictions on S). If S is the algebra of polynomials on a vector space V then Proj S is ${\mathbb {P} }(V).$ This Proj construction gives rise to a contravariant functor from the category of graded commutative rings and surjective graded maps to the category of projective schemes.