Uses of trigonometry

Hasse diagram of a complemented lattice
A point and a line of the Fano plane are complements, when $~p\notin l~$

In the mathematical discipline of order theory, a complemented lattice is a bounded lattice (with least element 0 and greatest element 1), in which every element a has a complement, i.e. an element b satisfying a ∨ b = 1 and a ∧ b = 0. A relatively complemented lattice is a lattice such that every interval [c, d] is complemented. Complements need not be unique.

An orthocomplementation on a complemented lattice is an involution which is order-reversing and maps each element to a complement. An orthocomplemented lattice satisfying a weak form of the modular law is called an orthomodular lattice.

In distributive lattices, complements are unique. Every complemented distributive lattice has a unique orthocomplementation and is in fact a Boolean algebra.

Definition and basic properties

A complemented lattice is a bounded lattice (with least element 0 and greatest element 1), in which every element a has a complement, i.e. an element b such that

a ∨ b = 1     and    a ∧ b = 0.

In general an element may have more than one complement. However, in a bounded distributive lattice every element will have at most one complement. A lattice in which every element has exactly one complement is called a uniquely complemented lattice.

A lattice with the property that every interval is complemented is called a relatively complemented lattice. In other words, a relatively complemented lattice is characterized by the property that for every element a in an interval [c, d] there is an element b such that

a ∨ b = d     and    a ∧ b = c.

Such an element b is called a complement of a relative to the interval. A distributive lattice is complemented if and only if it is bounded and relatively complemented.

Orthocomplementation

An orthocomplementation on a bounded lattice is a function that maps each element a to an "orthocomplement" a^⊥ in such a way that the following axioms are satisfied:

Complement law

a^⊥ ∨ a = 1 and a^⊥ ∧ a = 0.

Involution law

a^⊥⊥ = a.

Order-reversing

if a ≤ b then b^⊥ ≤ a^⊥.

An orthocomplemented lattice or ortholattice is a bounded lattice which is equipped with an orthocomplementation. The lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces, and the orthogonal complement operation in these lattices, provide examples of orthocomplemented lattices that are not, in general, distributive.

• Some complemented lattices
• 

  In the pentagon lattice N₅, the node on the right-hand side has two complements.

• 

  The diamond lattice M₃ admits no orthocomplementation.

• 

  The lattice M₄ admits 3 orthocomplementations.

• 

  The hexagon lattice admits a unique orthocomplementation, but it is not uniquely complemented.

Boolean algebras are a special case of orthocomplemented lattices, which in turn are a special case of complemented lattices (with extra structure). These structures are most often used in quantum logic, where the closed subspaces of a separable Hilbert space represent quantum propositions and behave as an orthocomplemented lattice.

Orthocomplemented lattices, like Boolean algebras, satisfy de Morgan's laws:

• (a ∨ b)^⊥ = a^⊥ ∧ b^⊥
• (a ∧ b)^⊥ = a^⊥ ∨ b^⊥.

Orthomodular lattices

A lattice is called modular if for all elements a, b and c the implication

if a ≤ c, then a ∨ (b ∧ c) = (a ∨ b) ∧ c

holds. This is weaker than distributivity; e.g. the above-shown lattice M₃ is modular, but not distributive. A natural further weakening of this condition for orthocomplemented lattices, necessary for applications in quantum logic, is to require it only in the special case b = a^⊥. An orthomodular lattice is therefore defined as an orthocomplemented lattice such that for any two elements the implication

if a ≤ c, then a ∨ (a^⊥ ∧ c) = c

holds.

Lattices of this form are of crucial importance for the study of quantum logic, since they are part of the axiomisation of the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics. Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann observed that the propositional calculus in quantum logic is "formally indistinguishable from the calculus of linear subspaces [of a Hilbert space] with respect to set products, linear sums and orthogonal complements" corresponding to the roles of and, or and not in Boolean lattices. This remark has spurred interest in the closed subspaces of a Hilbert space, which form an orthomodular lattice.

External links

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Notes

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References

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• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534