ITU Terrain Model
The radix economy of a number is the number of digits needed to express it in that base, multiplied by the radix (the number of possible values each digit could have). Various proposals have been made to quantify the relative costs between using different radices in representing numbers, especially in computer systems. Radix economy also has implications to cognitive function, learning, organizational structure, networking, and other fields.
Definition
The radix economy E(b,N) for any particular number N in a given base b is equal to the number of digits needed to express it in that base (using the floor function ), multiplied by the radix:[1]
The radix economy measures the cost of storing or processing the number N in base b if the cost of each "digit" is proportional to b. A base with a lower average radix economy is therefore, in some senses, more efficient than a base with a higher average radix economy.
For example, 100 in decimal has three digits, so its radix economy is 10×3 = 30; its binary representation has seven digits (11001002) so it has radix economy 2×7 = 14 in base 2; in base 3 its representation has five digits (102013) with a radix economy of 3×5 = 15; in base 36 (2S36) its radix economy is 36×2 = 72.
e has the lowest radix economy
Proof that e is the real-valued base with the lowest average radix economy:
First, note that the function
is strictly decreasing on 1 < x < e and strictly increasing on x > e. Its minimum, therefore, for x > 1, occurs at e.
Next, consider that
Then for a constant N, will have a minimum at e for the same reason y does, meaning e is therefore the base with the lowest average radix economy. Since 2 / ln(2) ≈ 2.89 and 3 / ln(3) ≈ 2.73, it follows that 3 is the integer base with the lowest average radix economy.
Radix economy of different bases
The radix economy of bases b1 and b2 may be compared for a large value of N:
Choosing e for b2 gives the economy relative to that of e by the function:
The average radix economies of various bases up to several arbitrary numbers (avoiding proximity to powers of 2 through 12 and e) are given in the table below. Also shown are the radix economies relative to that of e. Note that the radix economy of any number in base 1 is that number, making it the most economical for the first few integers, but as N climbs to infinity so does its relative economy.
Base b Avg. E(b,N) N = 1 to 6
Avg. E(b,N) N = 1 to 43
Avg. E(b,N) N = 1 to 182
Avg. E(b,N) N = 1 to 5329
1 3.5 22.0 91.5 2,665.0 2 4.7 9.3 13.3 22.9 1.0615 e 4.5 9.0 12.9 22.1 1.0000 3 5.0 9.5 13.1 22.2 1.0046 4 6.0 10.3 14.2 23.9 1.0615 5 6.7 11.7 15.8 26.3 1.1429 6 7.0 12.4 16.7 28.3 1.2319 7 7.0 13.0 18.9 31.3 1.3234 8 8.0 14.7 20.9 33.0 1.4153 9 9.0 16.3 22.6 34.6 1.5069 10 10.0 17.9 24.1 37.9 1.5977 12 12.0 20.9 25.8 43.8 1.7765 15 15.0 25.1 28.8 49.8 2.0377 16 16.0 26.4 30.7 50.9 2.1230 20 20.0 31.2 37.9 58.4 2.4560 30 30.0 39.8 55.2 84.8 3.2449 40 40.0 43.7 71.4 107.7 3.9891 60 60.0 60.0 100.5 138.8 5.3910
Ternary tree efficiency
One result of the relative economy of base 3 is that ternary search trees offer an efficient strategy for retrieving elements of a database.[2] A similar analysis suggests that the optimum design of a large telephone menu system to minimise the number of menu choices that the average customer must listen to (i.e. the product of the number of choices per menu and the number of menu levels) is to have three choices per menu.[1]
Computer hardware efficiencies
The 1950 reference High-Speed Computing Devices describes a particular situation using contemporary technology. Each digit of a number would be stored as the state of a ring counter composed of several triodes. Whether vacuum tubes or thyratrons, the triodes were the most expensive part of a counter. For small radices r less than about 7, a single digit required r triodes.[3] (Larger radices required 2r triodes arranged as r flip-flops, as in ENIAC's decimal counters.)[4]
So the number of triodes in a numerical register with n digits was rn. In order to represent numbers up to 106, the following numbers of tubes were needed:
Radix r Tubes N = rn 2 39.20 3 38.24 4 39.20 5 42.90 10 60.00
The authors conclude, 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.
Other criteria
In another application, the authors of High-Speed Computing Devices consider the speed with which an encoded number may be sent as a series of high-frequency voltage pulses. For this application the compactness of the representation is more important than in the above storage example. They conclude, "A saving of 58 per cent can be gained in going from a binary to a ternary system. A smaller percentage gain is realized in going from a radix 3 to a radix 4 system."[5]
Binary encoding has a notable advantage over all other systems: greater noise immunity. Random voltage fluctuations are less likely to generate an erroneous signal, and circuits may be built with wider voltage tolerances and still represent unambiguous values accurately.
See also
References
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My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
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Further reading
- S.L. Hurst, "Multiple-Valued Logic-Its Status and its Future", IEEE trans. computers, Vol. C-33, No 12, pp. 1160–1179, DEC 1984.
- J. T. Butler, "Multiple-Valued Logic in VLSI Design, ” IEEE Computer Society Press Technology Series, 1991.
- C.M. Allen, D.D. Givone “The Allen-Givone Implementation Oriented Algebra", in Computer Science and Multiple-Valued Logic: Theory and Applications, D.C. Rine, second edition, D.C. Rine, ed., The Elsevier North-Holland, New York, N.Y., 1984. pp. 268–288.
- G. Abraham, "Multiple-Valued Negative Resistance Integrated Circuits", in Computer Science and Multiple-Valued Logic: Theory and Applications, D.C. Rine, second edition, D.C. Rine, ed., The Elsevier North-Holland, New York, N.Y., 1984. pp. 394–446.