Self-dual Palatini action

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Also visit my web site ... hostgator1centcoupon.info In gravitation theory, a world manifold endowed with some Lorentzian pseudo-Riemannian metric and an associated space-time structure is a space-time. Gravitation theory is formulated as classical field theory on natural bundles over a world manifold.

Topology

A world manifold is a four-dimensional orientable real smooth manifold. It is assumed to be a Hausdorff and second countable topological space. Consequently, it is a locally compact space which is a union of a countable number of compact subsets, a separable space, a paracompact and completely regular space. Being paracompact, a world manifold admits a partition of unity by smooth functions. It should be emphasized that paracompactness is an essential characteristic of a world manifold. It is necessary and sufficient in order that a world manifold admits a Riemannian metric and necessary for the existence of a pseudo-Riemannian metric. A world manifold is assumed to be connected and, consequently, it is arcwise connected.

Riemannian structure

The tangent bundle $TX$ of a world manifold $X$ and the associated principal frame bundle $FX$ of linear tangent frames in $TX$ possess a general linear group structure group $G{L}^{+}(4,\mathbb{ℝ})$. A world manifold $X$ is said to be parallelizable if the tangent bundle $TX$ and, accordingly, the frame bundle $FX$ are trivial, i.e., there exists a global section (a frame field) of $FX$. It is essential that the tangent and associated bundles over a world manifold admit a bundle atlas of finite number of trivialization charts.

Tangent and frame bundles over a world manifold are natural bundles characterized by general covariant transformations. These transformations are gauge symmetries of gravitation theory on a world manifold.

By virtue of the well-known theorem on structure group reduction, a structure group $G{L}^{+}(4,\mathbb{ℝ})$ of a frame bundle $FX$ over a world manifold $X$ is always reducible to its maximal compact subgroup $SO(4)$. The corresponding global section of the quotient bundle $FX/SO(4)$ is a Riemannian metric $g^R$ on $X$. Thus, a world manifold always admits a Riemannian metric which makes $X$ a metric topological space.

Lorentzian structure

In accordance with the geometric Equivalence Principle, a world manifold possesses a Lorentzian structure, i.e., a structure group of a frame bundle $FX$ must be reduced to a Lorentz group $SO(1,3)$. The corresponding global section of the quotient bundle $FX/SO(1,3)$ is a pseudo-Riemannian metric $g$ of signature $(+,---)$ on $X$. It is treated as a gravitational field in General Relativity and as a classical Higgs field in gauge gravitation theory.

A Lorentzian structure need not exist. Therefore a world manifold is assumed to satisfy a certain topological condition. It is either a noncompact topological space or a compact space with a zero Euler characteristic. Usually, one also requires that a world manifold admits a spinor structure in order to describe Dirac fermion fields in gravitation theory. There is the additional topological obstruction to the existence of this structure. In particular, a noncompact world manifold must be parallelizable.

Space-time structure

If a structure group of a frame bundle $FX$ is reducible to a Lorentz group, the latter is always reducible to its maximal compact subgroup $SO(3)$. Thus, there is the commutative diagram

$GL(4,\mathbb{ℝ})\to SO(4)$

$\downarrow \downarrow$

$SO(1,3)\to SO(3)$

of the reduction of structure groups of a frame bundle $FX$ in gravitation theory. This reduction diagram results in the following.

(i) In gravitation theory on a world manifold $X$, one can always choose an atlas of a frame bundle $FX$ (characterized by local frame fields $\{h^{\lambda }\}$) with $SO(3)$-valued transition functions. These transition functions preserve a time-like component $h_0=h_0^{\mu }{\partial }_{\mu }$ of local frame fields which, therefore, is globally defined. It is a nowhere vanishing vector field on $X$. Accordingly, the dual time-like covector field $h^0=h_{\lambda }^{0}d{x}^{\lambda }$ also is globally defined, and it yields a spatial distribution $\mathfrak{F}\subset TX$ on $X$ such that $h^0\rfloor \mathfrak{F}=0$. Then the tangent bundle $TX$ of a world manifold $X$ admits a space-time decomposition $TX=\mathfrak{F}\oplus T^{0}X$, where $T^{0}X$ is a one-dimensional fibre bundle spanned by a time-like vector field $h_0$. This decomposition, is called the $g$-compatible space-time structure. It makes a world manifold the space-time.

(ii) Given the above mentioned diagram of reduction of structure groups, let $g$ and $g^R$ be the corresponding pseudo-Riemannian and Riemannian metrics on $X$. They form a triple $(g,g^R,h^0)$ obeying the relation

$g=2h^0\otimes h^0-g^R$.

Conversely, let a world manifold $X$ admit a nowhere vanishing one-form $\sigma$ (or, equivalently, a nowhere vanishing vector field). Then any Riemannian metric $g^R$ on $X$ yields the pseudo-Riemannian metric

$g=\frac{2}{g^R(\sigma ,\sigma )}\sigma \otimes \sigma -g^R$.

It follows that a world manifold $X$ admits a pseudo-Riemannian metric if and only if there exists a nowhere vanishing vector (or covector) field on $X$.

Let us note that a $g$-compatible Riemannian metric $g^R$ in a triple $(g,g^R,h^0)$ defines a $g$-compatible distance function on a world manifold $X$. Such a function brings $X$ into a metric space whose locally Euclidean topology is equivalent to a manifold topology on $X$. Given a gravitational field $g$, the $g$-compatible Riemannian metrics and the corresponding distance functions are different for different spatial distributions $\mathfrak{F}$ and ${\mathfrak{F}}^{\prime }$. It follows that physical observers associated with these different spatial distributions perceive a world manifold $X$ as different Riemannian spaces. The well-known relativistic changes of sizes of moving bodies exemplify this phenomenon.

However, one attempts to derive a world topology directly from a space-time structure (a path topology, an Alexandrov topology). If a space-time satisfies the strong causality condition, such topologies coincide with a familiar manifold topology of a world manifold. In a general case, they however are rather extraordinary.

Causality conditions

A space-time structure is called integrable if a spatial distribution $\mathfrak{F}$ is involutive. In this case, its integral manifolds constitute a spatial foliation of a world manifold whose leaves are spatial three-dimensional subspaces. A spatial foliation is called causal if no curve transversal to its leaves intersects each leave more than once. This condition is equivalent to the stable causality of Stephen Hawking. A space-time foliation is causal if and only if it is a foliation of level surfaces of some smooth real function on $X$ whose differential nowhere vanishes. Such a foliation is a fibred manifold $X\to \mathbb{ℝ}$. However, this is not the case of a compact world manifold which can not be a fibred manifold over $\mathbb{ℝ}$.

The stable causality does not provide the simplest causal structure. If a fibred manifold $X\to \mathbb{ℝ}$ is a fibre bundle, it is trivial, i.e., a world manifold $X$ is a globally hyperbolic manifold $X=\mathbb{ℝ}\times M$. Since any oriented three-dimensional manifold is parallelizable, a globally hyperbolic world manifold is parallelizable.

See also

• Spacetime
• Mathematics of general relativity
• Gauge gravitation theory

References

• S.W. Hawking, G.F.R. Ellis, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1973) ISBN 0-521-20016-4
• C.T.G. Dodson, Categories, Bundles, and Spacetime Topology (Shiva Publ. Ltd., Orpington, UK, 1980) ISBN 0-906812-01-1

External links

• G. Sardanashvily, Classical gauge gravitation theory, Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 8 (2011) 1869; arXiv: 1110.1176