Kneser's theorem (differential equations)

In mathematics, the spin representations are particular projective representations of the orthogonal or special orthogonal groups in arbitrary dimension and signature (i.e., including indefinite orthogonal groups). More precisely, they are representations of the spin groups, which are double covers of the special orthogonal groups. They are usually studied over the real or complex numbers, but they can be defined over other fields.

Elements of a spin representation are called spinors. They play an important role in the physical description of fermions such as the electron.

The spin representations may be constructed in several ways, but typically the construction involves (perhaps only implicitly) the choice of a maximal isotropic subspace in the vector representation of the group. Over the real numbers, this usually requires using a complexification of the vector representation. For this reason, it is convenient to define the spin representations over the complex numbers first, and derive real representations by introducing real structures.

The properties of the spin representations depend, in a subtle way, on the dimension and signature of the orthogonal group. In particular, spin representations often admit invariant bilinear forms, which can be used to embed the spin groups into classical Lie groups. In low dimensions, these embeddings are surjective and determine special isomorphisms between the spin groups and more familiar Lie groups; this elucidates the properties of spinors in these dimensions.

Set up

Let V be a finite dimensional real or complex vector space with a nondegenerate quadratic form Q. The (real or complex) linear maps preserving Q form the orthogonal group O(V,Q). The identity component of the group is called the special orthogonal group SO(V,Q). (For V real with an indefinite quadratic form, this terminology is not standard: the special orthogonal group is usually defined to be a subgroup with two components in this case.) Up to group isomorphism, SO(V,Q) has a unique connected double cover, the spin group Spin(V,Q). There is thus a group homomorphism Spin(V,Q) → SO(V,Q) whose kernel has two elements denoted {1, −1}, where 1 is the identity element.

O(V,Q), SO(V,Q) and Spin(V,Q) are all Lie groups, and for fixed (V,Q) they have the same Lie algebra, so(V,Q). If V is real, then V is a real vector subspace of its complexification V_C := V ⊗_R C, and the quadratic form Q extends naturally to a quadratic form Q_C on V_C. This embeds SO(V,Q) as a subgroup of SO(V_C, Q_C), and hence we may realise Spin(V,Q) as a subgroup of Spin(V_C, Q_C). Furthermore, so(V_C, Q_C) is the complexification of so(V,Q).

In the complex case, quadratic forms are determined up to isomorphism by the dimension n of V. Concretely, we may assume V=Cⁿ and

$Q(z_{1},\ldots z_{n})=z_{1}^{2}+z_{2}^{2}+\cdots +z_{n}^{2}.$

The corresponding Lie groups and Lie algebra are denoted O(n,C), SO(n,C), Spin(n,C) and so(n,C).

In the real case, quadratic forms are determined up to isomorphism by a pair of nonnegative integers (p,q) where n:=p+q is the dimension of V, and p-q is the signature. Concretely, we may assume V=Rⁿ and

$q(x_{1},\ldots x_{n})=x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots +x_{p}^{2}-(x_{p+1}^{2}+\cdots +x_{n}^{2}).$

The corresponding Lie groups and Lie algebra are denoted O(p,q), SO(p,q), Spin(p,q) and so(p,q). We write R^p,q in place of Rⁿ to make the signature explicit.

The spin representations are, in a sense, the simplest representations of Spin(n,C) and Spin(p,q) that do not come from representations of SO(n,C) and SO(p,q). A spin representation is, therefore, a real or complex vector space S together with a group homomorphism ρ from Spin(n,C) or Spin(p,q) to the general linear group GL(S) such that the element −1 is not in the kernel of ρ.

If S is such a representation, then according to the relation between Lie groups and Lie algebras, it induces a Lie algebra representation, i.e., a Lie algebra homomorphism from so(n,C) or so(p,q) to the Lie algebra gl(S) of endomorphisms of S with the commutator bracket.

Spin representations can be analysed according to the following strategy: if S is a real spin representation of Spin(p,q), then its complexification is a complex spin representation of Spin(p,q); as a representation of so(p,q), it therefore extends to a complex representation of so(n,C). Proceeding in reverse, we therefore first construct complex spin representations of Spin(n,C) and so(n,C), then restrict them to complex spin representations of so(p,q) and Spin(p,q), then finally analyse possible reductions to real spin representations.

Complex spin representations

Let V=Cⁿ with the standard quadratic form Q so that

${\mathfrak {so}}(V,Q)={\mathfrak {so}}(n,\mathbb {C} ).$

The symmetric bilinear form on V associated to Q by polarization is denoted <.,.>.

Isotropic subspaces and root systems

A standard construction of the spin representations of so(n,C) begins with a choice of a pair (W, W^∗) of maximal isotropic subspaces of V with W ∩ W^∗ = 0. Let us make such a choice. If n = 2m or n = 2m+1, then W and W^∗ both have dimension m. If n = 2m, then V = W ⊕ W^∗, whereas if n = 2m+1, then V = W ⊕ U ⊕ W^∗, where U is the 1-dimensional orthogonal complement to W ⊕ W^∗. The bilinear form <.,.> induces a pairing between W and W^∗, which must be nondegenerate, because W and W^∗ are isotropic subspaces and Q is nondegenerate. Hence W and W^∗ are dual vector spaces.

More concretely, let a₁, ... a_m be a basis for W. Then there is a unique basis α₁, ... α_m of W^∗ such that

$\langle \alpha _{i},a_{j}\rangle =\delta _{ij}.$

If A is a m × m matrix, then A induces a endomorphism of W with respect to this basis and the transpose A^T induces a transformation of W^∗ with

$\langle Aw,w^{*}\rangle =\langle w,A^{T}w^{*}\rangle$

for all w in W and w* in W^∗. It follows that the endomorphism ρ_A of V, equal to A on W, − A^T on W^∗ and zero on U (if n is odd), is skew

$\langle \rho _{A}v,w\rangle =-\langle v,\rho _{A}w\rangle$

and hence an element of so(n,C).

Using the diagonal matrices in this construction defines a Cartan subalgebra h of so(n,C): the rank of so(n,C) is m, and the diagonal m × m matrices determine an m-dimensional abelian subalgebra.

Let ε₁, ... ε_m be the basis of h^∗ such that, for a diagonal matrix A, ε_k(ρ_A) is the kth diagonal entry of A. Clearly this is a basis for h^∗. Since the bilinear form identifies so(n,C) with $\wedge ^{2}V$, it is now easy to construct the root system associated to h. The root spaces (simultaneous eigenspaces for the action of h) are spanned by the following elements:

$a_{i}\wedge a_{j},\;i\neq j,$ with root (simultaneous eigenvalue) $\varepsilon _{i}+\varepsilon _{j}$

$a_{i}\wedge \alpha _{j}$ (which is in h if i = j) with root $\varepsilon _{i}-\varepsilon _{j}$

$\alpha _{i}\wedge \alpha _{j},\;i\neq j,$ with root $-\varepsilon _{i}-\varepsilon _{j},$

and, if n is odd, and u is a nonzero element of U,

$a_{i}\wedge u,$ with root $\varepsilon _{i}$

$\alpha _{i}\wedge u,$ with root $-\varepsilon _{i}.$

Thus, with respect to the basis ε₁, ... ε_m, the roots are the vectors in h^∗ that are permutations of

$(\pm 1,\pm 1,0,0,\dots ,0)$

together with the permutations of

$(\pm 1,0,0,\dots ,0)$

if n = 2m+1 is odd.

A system of positive roots is given by ε_i+ε_j (i≠j), ε_i−ε_j (i<j) and (for n odd) ε_i. The corresponding simple roots are

$\varepsilon _{1}-\varepsilon _{2},\varepsilon _{2}-\varepsilon _{3},\ldots ,\varepsilon _{m-1}-\varepsilon _{m},\left\{{\begin{matrix}\varepsilon _{m-1}+\varepsilon _{m}&n=2m\\\varepsilon _{m}&n=2m+1.\end{matrix}}\right.$

The positive roots are nonnegative integer linear combinations of the simple roots.

Spin representations and their weights

One construction of the spin representations of so(n,C) uses the exterior algebra(s)

$S=\wedge ^{\bullet }W$ and/or $S'=\wedge ^{\bullet }W^{*}.$

There is an action of V on S such that for any element v = w+w* in W ⊕ W^∗ and any ψ in S the action is given by:

$v\cdot \psi =2^{\frac {1}{2}}(w\wedge \psi +\iota (w^{*})\psi ),$

where the second term is a contraction (interior multiplication) defined using the bilinear form, which pairs W and W^∗. This action respects the Clifford relations v² = Q(v)1, and so induces a homomorphism from the Clifford algebra Cl_nC of V to End(S). A similar action can be defined on S′, so that both S and S′ are Clifford modules.

The Lie algebra so(n,C) is isomorphic to the complexified Lie algebra spin_n^C in Cl_nC via the mapping induced by the covering Spin(n) → SO(n)

$v\wedge w\mapsto {\tfrac {1}{4}}[v,w].$

It follows that both S and S′ are representations of so(n,C). They are actually equivalent representations, so we focus on S.

The explicit description shows that the elements α_i∧a_i of the Cartan subalgebra h act on S by

$(\alpha _{i}\wedge a_{i})\cdot \psi ={\tfrac {1}{4}}(2^{\tfrac {1}{2}})^{2}(\iota (\alpha _{i})(a_{i}\wedge \psi )-a_{i}\wedge (\iota (\alpha _{i})\psi ))={\tfrac {1}{2}}\psi -a_{i}\wedge (\iota (\alpha _{i})\psi ).$

A basis for S is given by elements of the form

$a_{i_{1}}\wedge a_{i_{2}}\wedge \cdots \wedge a_{i_{k}}$

for 0 ≤ k ≤ m and i₁ < ... < i_k. These clearly span weight spaces for the action of h: α_i∧a_i has eigenvalue -1/2 on the given basis vector if i = i_j for some j, and has eigenvalue 1/2 otherwise.

It follows that the weights of S are all possible combinations of

${\bigl (}\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}},\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}},\ldots \pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigr )}$

and each weight space is one dimensional. Elements of S are called Dirac spinors.

When n is even, S is not an irreducible representation: $S_{+}=\wedge ^{\mathrm {even} }W$ and $S_{-}=\wedge ^{\mathrm {odd} }W$ are invariant subspaces. The weights divide into those with an even number of minus signs, and those with an odd number of minus signs. Both S₊ and S₋ are irreducible representations of dimension 2^m−1 whose elements are called Weyl spinors. They are also known as chiral spin representations or half-spin representations. With respect to the positive root system above, the highest weights of S₊ and S₋ are

${\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}},\ldots {\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigr )}$ and ${\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}},\ldots {\tfrac {1}{2}},-{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigr )}$

respectively. The Clifford action identifies Cl_nC with End(S) and the even subalgebra is identified with the endomorphisms preserving S₊ and S₋. The other Clifford module S′ is isomorphic to S in this case.

When n is odd, S is an irreducible representation of so(n,C) of dimension 2^m: the Clifford action of a unit vector u ∈ U is given by

$u\cdot \psi =\left\{{\begin{matrix}\psi &{\hbox{if }}\psi \in \wedge ^{\mathrm {even} }W\\-\psi &{\hbox{if }}\psi \in \wedge ^{\mathrm {odd} }W\end{matrix}}\right.$

and so elements of so(n,C) of the form u∧w or u∧w* do not preserve the even and odd parts of the exterior algebra of W. The highest weight of S is

${\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}},\ldots {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigr )}.$

The Clifford action is not faithful on S: Cl_nC can be identified with End(S) ⊕ End(S′), where u acts with the opposite sign on S′. More precisely, the two representations are related by the parity involution α of Cl_nC (also known as the principal automorphism), which is the identity on the even subalgebra, and minus the identity on the odd part of Cl_nC. In other words, there is a linear isomorphism from S to S′, which identifies the action of A in Cl_nC on S with the action of α(A) on S′.

Bilinear forms

if λ is a weight of S, so is −λ. It follows that S is isomorphic to the dual representation S^∗.

When n = 2m+1 is odd, the isomorphism B: S → S^∗ is unique up to scale by Schur's lemma, since S is irreducible, and it defines a nondegenerate invariant bilinear form β on S via

$\beta (\varphi ,\psi )=B(\varphi )(\psi ).$

Here invariance means that

$\beta (\xi \cdot \varphi ,\psi )+\beta (\varphi ,\xi \cdot \psi )=0$

for all ξ in so(n,C) and φ, ψ in S — in other words the action of ξ is skew with respect to β. In fact, more is true: S^∗ is a representation of the opposite Clifford algebra, and therefore, since Cl_nC only has two nontrivial simple modules S and S′, related by the parity involution α, there is an antiautomorphism τ of Cl_nC such that

$\quad \beta (A\cdot \varphi ,\psi )=\beta (\varphi ,\tau (A)\cdot \psi )\qquad (1)$

for any A in Cl_nC. In fact τ is reversion (the antiautomorphism induced by the identity on V) for m even, and conjugation (the antiautomorphism induced by minus the identity on V) for m odd. These two antiautomorphisms are related by parity involution α, which is the automorphism induced by minus the identity on V. Both satisfy τ(ξ) = −ξ for ξ in so(n,C).

When n = 2m, the situation depends more sensitively upon the parity of m. For m even, a weight λ has an even number of minus signs if and only if −λ does; it follows that there are separate isomorphisms B_±: S_± → S_±^∗ of each half-spin representation with its dual, each determined uniquely up to scale. These may be combined into an isomorphism B: S → S^∗. For m odd, λ is a weight of S₊ if and only if −λ is a weight of S₋; thus there is an isomorphism from S₊ to S₋^∗, again unique up to scale, and its transpose provides an isomorphism from S₋ to S₊^∗. These may again be combined into an isomorphism B: S → S^∗.

For both m even and m odd, the freedom in the choice of B may be restricted to an overall scale by insisting that the bilinear form β corresponding to B satisfies (1), where τ is a fixed antiautomorphism (either reversion or conjugation).

Symmetry and the tensor square

The symmetry properties of β: S ⊗ S → C can be determined using Clifford algebras or representation theory. In fact much more can be said: the tensor square S ⊗ S must decompose into a direct sum of k-forms on V for various k, because its weights are all elements in h^∗ whose components belong to {−1,0,1}. Now equivariant linear maps S ⊗ S → ∧^kV^∗ correspond bijectively to invariant maps ∧^kV ⊗ S ⊗ S → C and nonzero such maps can be constructed via the inclusion of ∧^kV into the Clifford algebra. Furthermore if β(φ,ψ) = ε β(ψ,φ) and τ has sign ε_k on ∧^kV then

$\beta (A\cdot \varphi ,\psi )=\varepsilon \varepsilon _{k}\beta (A\cdot \psi ,\varphi )$

for A in ∧^kV.

If n = 2m+1 is odd then it follows from Schur's Lemma that

$S\otimes S\cong \bigoplus _{j=0}^{m}\wedge ^{2j}V^{*}$

(both sides have dimension 2^2m and the representations on the right are inequivalent). Because the symmetries are governed by an involution τ that is either conjugation or reversion, the symmetry of the ∧^2jV^∗ component alternates with j. Elementary combinatorics gives

$\sum _{j=0}^{m}(-1)^{j}\dim \wedge ^{2j}\mathbb {C} ^{2m+1}=(-1)^{{\frac {1}{2}}m(m+1)}2^{m}=(-1)^{{\frac {1}{2}}m(m+1)}(\dim \mathrm {S} ^{2}S-\dim \wedge ^{2}S)$

and the sign determines which representations occur in S²S and which occur in ∧²S. In particular

$\beta (\phi ,\psi )=(-1)^{{\frac {1}{2}}m(m+1)}\beta (\psi ,\phi ),$ and

$\beta (v\cdot \phi ,\psi )=(-1)^{m}(-1)^{{\frac {1}{2}}m(m+1)}\beta (v\cdot \psi ,\phi )=(-1)^{m}\beta (\phi ,v\cdot \psi )$

for v ∈ V (which is isomorphic to ∧^2mV), confirming that τ is reversion for m even, and conjugation for m odd.

If n=2m is even, then the analysis is more involved, but the result is a more refined decomposition: S²S_±, ∧2S_± and S₊ ⊗ S₋ can each be decomposed as a direct sum of k-forms (where for k=m there is a further decomposition into selfdual and antiselfdual m-forms).

The main outcome is a realisation of so(n,C) as a subalgebra of a classical Lie algebra on S, depending upon n modulo 8, according to the following table:

n mod 8	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Spinor algebra	${\mathfrak {so}}(S_{+})\oplus {\mathfrak {so}}(S_{-})$	${\mathfrak {so}}(S)$	${\mathfrak {gl}}(S_{\pm })$	${\mathfrak {sp}}(S)$	${\mathfrak {sp}}(S_{+})\oplus {\mathfrak {sp}}(S_{-})$	${\mathfrak {sp}}(S)$	${\mathfrak {gl}}(S_{\pm })$	${\mathfrak {so}}(S)$

For n ≤ 6, these embeddings are isomorphisms (onto sl rather than gl for n=6):

${\mathfrak {so}}(2,\mathbb {C} )\cong {\mathfrak {gl}}(1,\mathbb {C} )\qquad (=\mathbb {C} )$

${\mathfrak {so}}(3,\mathbb {C} )\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(2,\mathbb {C} )\qquad (={\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {C} ))$

${\mathfrak {so}}(4,\mathbb {C} )\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(2,\mathbb {C} )\oplus {\mathfrak {sp}}(2,\mathbb {C} )$

${\mathfrak {so}}(5,\mathbb {C} )\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(4,\mathbb {C} )$

${\mathfrak {so}}(6,\mathbb {C} )\cong {\mathfrak {sl}}(4,\mathbb {C} ).$

Real representations

The complex spin representations of so(n,C) yield real representations S of so(p,q) by restricting the action to the real subalgebras. However, there are additional "reality" structures that are invariant under the action of the real Lie algebras. These come in three types.

1. There is an invariant complex antilinear map r: S → S with r² = id_S. The fixed point set of r is then a real vector subspace S_R of S with S_R ⊗ C = S. This is called a real structure.
2. There is an invariant complex antilinear map j: S → S with j² = −id_S. It follows that the triple i, j and k:=ij make S into a quaternionic vector space S_H. This is called a quaternionic structure.
3. There is an invariant complex antilinear map b: S → S^∗ that is invertible. This defines a hermitian bilinear form on S and is called a hermitian structure.

The type of structure invariant under so(p,q) depends only on the signature p−q modulo 8, and is given by the following table.

p−q mod 8	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Structure	R + R	R	C	H	H + H	H	C	R

Here R, C and H denote real, hermitian and quaternionic structures respectively, and R+R and H+H indicate that the half-spin representations both admit real or quaternionic structures respectively.

Description and tables

To complete the description of real representation, we must describe how these structures interact with the invariant bilinear forms. Since n = p+q ≅ p - q mod 2, there are two cases: the dimension and signature are both even, and the dimension and signature are both odd.

The odd case is simpler, there is only one complex spin representation S, and hermitian structures do not occur. Apart from the trivial case n = 1, S is always even dimensional, say dim S = 2N. The real forms of so(2N,C) are so(K,L) with K + L = 2N and so*(N,H), while the real forms of sp(2N,C) are sp(2N,R) and sp(K,L) with K + L = N. The presence of a Clifford action of V on S forces K = L in both cases unless pq = 0, in which case KL=0, which is denoted simply so(2N) or sp(N). Hence the odd spin representations may be summarized in the following table.

	n mod 8	1, 7	3, 5
p-q mod 8		so(2N,C)	sp(2N,C)
1, 7	R	so(N,N) or so(2N)	sp(2N,R)
3, 5	H	so*(N,H)	sp(N/2,N/2)† or sp(N)

(†) N is even for n>3 and for n=3, this is sp(1).

The even dimensional case is similar. For n>2, the complex half-spin representations are even dimensional. We have additionally to deal with hermitian structures and the real forms of sl(2N,C), which are sl(2N,R), su(K,L) with K + L = 2N, and sl(N,H). The resulting even spin representations are summarized as follows.

	n mod 8	0	2, 6	4
p-q mod 8		so(2N,C)+so(2N,C)	sl(2N,C)	sp(2N,C)+sp(2N,C)
0	R+R	so(N,N)+so(N,N)*	sl(2N,R)	sp(2N,R)+sp(2N,R)
2, 6	C	so(2N,C)	su(N,N)	sp(2N,C)
4	H+H	so*(N,H)+so*(N,H)	sl(N,H)	sp(N/2,N/2)+sp(N/2,N/2)†

(*) For pq=0, we have instead so(2N)+so(2N)

(†) N is even for n>4 and for pq=0 (which includes n=4 with N=1), we have instead sp(N)+sp(N)

The low dimensional isomorphisms in the complex case have the following real forms.

Euclidean signature	Minkowskian signature	Other signatures
${\mathfrak {so}}(2)\cong {\mathfrak {u}}(1)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(1,1)\cong \mathbb {R}$
${\mathfrak {so}}(3)\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(1)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(2,1)\cong {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {R} )$
${\mathfrak {so}}(4)\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(1)\oplus {\mathfrak {sp}}(1)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(3,1)\cong {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {C} )$	${\mathfrak {so}}(2,2)\cong {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {R} )\oplus {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {R} )$
${\mathfrak {so}}(5)\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(2)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(4,1)\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(1,1)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(3,2)\cong {\mathfrak {sp}}(4,\mathbb {R} )$
${\mathfrak {so}}(6)\cong {\mathfrak {su}}(4)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(5,1)\cong {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {H} )$	${\mathfrak {so}}(4,2)\cong {\mathfrak {su}}(2,2)$	${\mathfrak {so}}(3,3)\cong {\mathfrak {sl}}(4,\mathbb {R} )$

The only special isomorphism of real Lie algebras missing from this table is ${\mathfrak {so}}^{*}(3,\mathbb {H} )\cong {\mathfrak {su}}(3,1).$

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. See also the programme website for a preliminary version.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.